"Foz de Lumbier"

Miguel , Irel y Alejandro

How was this gorge formed? What evidence is there of this?

It is a deep cut originated by the course of an Irati river on the limestone rock.

This is due to the fact that in the Eocene period of the formation of the earth, which is characterized by the movement of the tectonic plates, in which the characteristics of the stones of the gorge are different and erode in different ways.

What typical shapes can be found?

Relieve Karst: due to the erosion of the rocks Karst reliefs are made. They were characterized by irregularly shaped terrains, in this case, we find these forms due to the process of dissolution of the rocks or due to the collapse of other endokarst structures, such as caves.

Lapiaces: Surface cracks that can reach a few meters and are characterized by being separated by walls or partitions of rocks.

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What other important geological formations are there in the area?

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Dolinas: It is a special type of geological depression generated by the disintegration and chemical decomposition of certain rocks made up of water-soluble minerals such as limestone.

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Poljes: It is a depression in a large karstic rock massif as an elongated and closed valley, with a flat bottom, large size and irregular contours. The edges are steep and limestone rock outcrops on them. It is usually traversed by a stream.

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What kinds of rocks predominate in the soil? Indicate its importance

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In the foz of Lumbier there are many rocks but the rock that predominate is limestone
Limestone is a coherent rock, but fissured, that provides solid materials for construction, which erodes giving little alteration residues, because the erosion is carried out mainly by dissolution.

Describe the main biotic and abiotic factors of the ecosyste

Abiotic: The climate of the area is a Mediterranean climate with continental influence. Temperatures differ greatly between the summer and winter months, reaching high temperatures in summer and frosts are common in winter. The average temperature is about 12ºC.

As for precipitation, we can say that it is scarce, approximately 425mm, concentrating mostly in the autumn.

Biotics: The most abundant in the forest are the Pinus halepensis and Cupressus arizonica, the two species that were used in the repopulation. We can also find Thymus vulgaris and Stahelina dubia.

What is the typical flora and fauna of this ecosystem?

A great diversity of flora and fauna can be found. They have a spectacular geology, a characteristic mixed plant formation and an important community of birds specializing in rocky areas.
In the Foz de Lumbier you can find an important colony of birds: vultures, Egyptian vultures, king swifts, jackdaws, solitary rockers, rock planes and wild pigeons. They also inhabit madrillas, mountain barbels, chipas and slabs. As for the flora, you can see holm oaks, junipers, boxwood and ivy that appear on the cliffs of this canyon.
The vegetation of the Foz de Arbayún is exuberant and of a great variety and floristic richness. They can be seen from holm oaks, Albares pines, ash trees, hazelnuts ... even beech trees. They also nest golden eagles, Egyptian vultures, peregrine falcons, Bonelli's eagles, real owls, crows and a long etc. Wild boar, fox, badger, fuina, wild cat, genet and weasel abound, and roe deer and otters are more rare.

Make a possible food chain. What effect is the current climate having on the area?

The holm oak begins the oak is eaten by the scratch leaf the scratch leaf is eaten by the worm the worm is eaten by the shrew which is eaten by the hawk
Another trofic is :
The oak is eaten by the caterpillar, the caterpillar is eaten by the arna, Liron careto and the warbler