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Multipurpose textbook for English students

Universidad Hispanoamericana Teacher Laura Montero Chacon

Different social and cultural facts that affect students learning design in different culture.

◼ LESSON TOPIC Presentations of the students ◼ Critical Perspective Reform curriculum standars is useful because it lets us put ourselves in a specific circumstance and imagine how we may resolve the problems that arise. ◼ Benefits Demonstrate what happens when a reform initiative like state standards comes into contact with a specific school situation. Raise for consideration the questions that must be addressed when any reform effort meets practical realities. A deliberative approach to curriculum practice would likely resolve the issues that emerge.

◼ Feasibility of implementation Incorporating an international curriculum is not easy ... the curriculum standards of other countries are directed to students by state, for example in the United States there is no national curriculum that all schools follow, each state has its own curriculum and that is why There is a lot of controversy in the education of each state, this does not mean that it is a bad education, unlike our country (Costa Rica) where we follow only one type of curriculum in public education and in private education it is up to the decision of the Intirucion whether to be guided by an international or national curriculum. ◼ Personal and professional growth Think in a international curriculum is useful for those who are willing to find creative solutions. Remember that the standard are what the goverment want professor teach.

◼ Feasibility of implementation Finland : The Finnish education system was highly centralized , the culture of trust means that education authorities and political leaders believe that teachers, principals and parents know how to provide the best possible education. Japan : Students and teachers still work during school vacations and they do activities after school ,so in this way they also continue learning something. China: They education is based on the meritocracy for a social-political system and they focus in early education or preschools. Germany: The opportunity depending on family background , if you have a higher education you usually will have a higher economical standard.

◼ Personal and professional growth

I think it is very important to know about different curriculum of the world since aai can get my own value judgment about the curriculum that is used in my country, the curriculum of the MEP, and that some private institutions, and in this way better understand the value of many aspects that are given in this country and also see the good details that we still need to implement.

◼ LESSON TOPIC Know about the different types of curriculum models ◼ Critical Perspective It is very important because it will determinate the type of curriculum we are going to use and it is the first step in curriculum development. ◼ Benefits Traditional C. The curriculum is designed in a progressive way, with each level being slightly more challenging than the last, requiring students to build skills and use them as their work their way through the curriculum.&nbsp; The critical model C. This curriculum promotes critical thinking, dialogue, and discussion making activities that support democratic ideals and move towards socially critical consciousness.&nbsp; Student Center C. It based on the constructivist theories of education. The Structural Model C.: Selection is there because students only learn the structures that the teachers frequently comes select for them.

◼ Feasibility of implementation Traditional Model Students pay attention to the information but they may or may not put in practice in any real/life context. Have good reasons for your lessons or topics, always make this questions before you introduce a topic "Why ,What and How", in that way you can get the interest and critical thinking perspective of your students. Critical Model It is so good because students analysis and think always about some topic, using their ability to reason. So students are going to be active learners Structural Models It is based in the behaviorist theory ,so teachers need to be careful about the way they use a positive reinforcement. ◼ Personal and professional growth I am agree that the student is the center of their own knowledge, they are active and teachers are passive.

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◼ LESSON TOPIC Accommodations (not significant) : We are going to help students with similar learning styles ,the idea is to help them, if they need it, in a different way. Modifications(significant): We are going to modify the whole process or activities for students who have a significant or strong difficulties. ◼ Critical Perspective Accommodations (not significant) :It is not so easy to apply but should be handled with the same care so as not to distort learning. Modifications(significant): It is more difficult or tired for teachers because they have to do other plan for the student with significant adjustment, which is a double job. ◼ Benefits Help provide learning opportunities for the entire population of children with disabilities or special needs ◼ Feasibility of implementation Accommodations : we have to level the planying field. Techers doesn´t make changes to the basic elements of the curriculum, they can do change in classroom management strategies and, consequently, students pass to the next grade without repercussions. Modifications: Teachers change in the curriculum the goals, content and evaluation criteria. If you need to analyze if the students have or not significant adequacy you can do a series of activities for testing and observation to see if you should change complete or not the activities to know it.

Education holds the key to human progress. Education plays an important role in bringing change. (Kolangi, 2014, parra.l)

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CURRICULUM &amp; INTEGRATED CURRICULUM

◼ LESSON TOPIC Review about the characteristic of the curriculum : OPEN .CLOSE, FLEXIBLE or INCLUSIVE &amp; iNTEGRATED CURRICULUM. ◼ Critical Perspective OPEN: it is regarding to the activities that teacher will use, we can do review and reorganization about what we are doing. CLOSE: All are already determinate, like objectives, contents and pedagogical strategies, the teachers and other professionals are involves in the education. FLEXIBLE: it is a change in mentality, it will depend of the circumstances, teacher need to be flexible if the characteristics not response in the way of they want. INCLUSIVE: include all your students , not matter if they have different disabilities, different religion or nationality , teacher are going to include all types of students in the same institution. It aims to ensure that the principles of inclusivity are embedded within all aspects of the academic cycle. Integrated curriculum : IT IS GOING TO BE THE WY OF WE ARE GOING TO CONNECT THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF STUDY. ◼ Benefits Integrated curriculum : We can connect English with other subject or vice versa, so we as a teacher can help each other an in that way unify all the process of teaching ad learning.

◼ Feasibility of implementation With an Integrated curriculum learning that is synthesized across traditional subject areas and learning experiences&nbsp;that are designed to be mutually reinforcing. This approach develops the child's ability to transfer their learning to other settings.So, adapting this could be very helpful between teachers and students, it can be incorporated if all teachers agree to be open to help in all areas they can and connect their knowledge with those of others. ◼ Personal and professional growth I find the topic of knowing about this type of curriculum and multidisciplinary integration very interesting, which uses issues of society, nature or day-to-day to incorporate them in the student's learning, taking it beyond the ordinary, for which the Estudainte will learn not only science, Spanish, mathematics and social studies, but also learn about these subjects and about topics of daily life.

* Course of study. * Teaching tool * Going somewhere in a predefined direction. * The glossy booklets that contain the content to be taught.&nbsp;

... can refer to the total structure of ideas and activities developed by an educational institution to meet the learning needs of students, and to achieve desired educational aims. Some people use the term to refer simply to the content of what is being taught. Others include also the teaching and learning methods involved,&nbsp;how students’ attainment is measured and the&nbsp;underlying philosophy of education. Dictionary of Education (Rowntree, 1981)

◼ LESSON TOPIC Different templates of the MEP ◼ Critical Perspective The MEP gives us different types of templates for preschool and for first grade, integrating the development of the 4 skills is very important to be able to keep a good record of what students want to be taught and their development throughout the school period. ◼ Benefits Some benefits of the National curriculum for teachers are the equality of education at the national level in the public sector, the variety of information on the objectives and the definitions of concepts to be able to shape an educational plan design. ◼ Feasibility of implementation The implementation of the curriculum in the different curricula is vital to be able to grant an adequate education, there are different planning methods to apply the national curriculum of Costa Rica, it can be used in annual, monthly, weekly or daily plans. ◼ Personal and professional growth As a teacher it is vital and of great importance to recognize the use and application of study plans, as well as the objectives and evaluations that will be applied, each part of the plan has an approach and must be achieved to make a linked with those objectives to be met.

◼ Personal and professional growth Using the UBd method seems very useful to establish an order in the planning of each day, I find it very feasible and useful, its 3 stages include all the aspects necessary for good planning.

◼ LESSON TOPIC Essential questions and UBD ◼ Critical Perspective The UBD is a dreamwork for teacher to organized their lesson plan and in this plan we use essential questions that are direct for students to create their critical thinking and to answer them... So at the end of the class you can talk with a little review about the answers of your essential question and in that way you can know if they pay attention or not. The students need to analyses the topics , so this is the function of the essential questions. ◼ Benefits You as teacher can know if your students pay attention in the whole class or they forget some aspect about your class, or some topics that did not learn them well or forgot them some topics that didn't learn them well or forgot about. ◼ Feasibility of implementation Use some specific words for make you essential questions like: Why, How, When. Think of what you want to your students to understand. you can stablish goals, write essential questions.

Continuing with ¨different social and cultural facts that affect students learning design in different culture¨ topic and see presentations in groups

◼ LESSON TOPIC Presentations of the students about different types of curriculum in the world ! Finland Japan China Germany ◼ Critical Perspective Finland: Teachers have a high status and this is so good ,and teachers only spend 4h in classroom and take 2h weekly for professional development, it is something that it must be global. Japan: They revised the national curriculum about once every decade and they introduce a lot the moral education in primary and this is something important because they introduce values, culture and cerremonies in early education a lot. Actually in the majority of education we don't see this eduction with a lot of values.

China: His thought of believing that education is the key to combat the poor is right and it is a very successful and positive thought that we must copy. Germany: If you come from oder country you are seem like less so cultural factors are important in the curriculum , teachers can not criticize much the stereotypes and personal decisions of the students which personally seems to me that it is not very correct since the teacher is a guide in the development process. ◼ Benefits Finland: good teachers for their weekly trainings and good lesson schedules. Japan: Students could decided if they continuing study or not in upper secondary School, and they have 3 types of this , Senior Hight School, Colleges of technology or Specialized training tracks. Almost all students take six years of English in middle school and high school, it is like a second language in all their country. China: it is a rigorous system that makes students commit a lot to their education, they make it look like something very sacred eh important. Germany: They don't have a official uniform,

◼ LESSON TOPIC Curriculum is the teaching tool for teachers that includes criteria, study plans, methodology, programs and each and every one of the processes that will serve to provide students with a comprehensive and complete training. ◼ Critical Perspective It seems a bit difficult to understand but with practice doubts are clarified. ◼ Benefits It includes all the academic, human and material resources that will be needed to carry out the educational project marked by current legislation. ◼ Feasibility of implementation It is the essential structure of the set of subjects of any school, institute or university, and it is what determines and defines the teaching processes in each field.

◼ Personal and professional growth it is so important to know this definitions because you can apply all the learning in practice ... the most important characteristic as teachers is to know how to incorporate a curriculum in educational planning for the benefit of our students.

◼ Critical Perspective The pedagogical model and pre-professional activity will form the curricular process by answering the questions of what, how and for what the teaching and learning process occurs. It is very important to know to design a curriculum we need to take into consideration the following aspects: audience, organization of the content, selection activities and assessment. ◼ Benefits the design of a good curriculum is part of our good planning and education for our students, to be able to incorporate skills for social performance and professional. Have a good evaluation based in the type of evaluation that you need like diagnostic, formative or summative. ◼ Feasibility of implementation We can incorporate the 4 steps of the curriculum development process, Planning, Design, Implementation and Evaluation in our owns individual plans, We must follow the process of developing the curriculum of the country or institution where we are going to work, so it is important to know how these curricula are developed and thus be able to guide ourselves to be able to do the best in our work.

It seems to me that it is a very important topic that every educator should know in order to plan and organize the ideas that will be applied in the classroom.

                      TYPES OF CURRICULUM

◼ Critical Perspective education is guided by a school curriculum that serves as a practical guide for the entire school year. It is very important to know how to recognize what type of curriculum is used and how to apply it. ◼ Benefits OFFICIAL CURRICULUM&nbsp; It is based on the foundations of the current educational system, with laws and royal decrees ,establish the contents during the stage of education. Example -- MEP PLAN.&nbsp; 2 OPERATIONAL CURRICULUM It is similar to the official curriculum but it is focuses on the more practical part of the subject in questions. Example: The lessons plans or template for each day with workshops and evaluations. 3 HIDDEN CURRICULUM It is the institutional rules or values of the educational center in with the trainning takes place, it is only the professional of the center that recognize and follow these norms or values and apply them in the classroom. Example: A Religious institution with these values and rules when students earn extra point for follow these rules and values. 4 NULL CURRICULUM Cosider the topics that are not relevant or expected to be part of the focus learning for the students but they are part of the assessments.&nbsp; Example: Learn something without the teacher teaching the importance.&nbsp;

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◼ Feasibility of implementationchoose a type of curriculum depends on the type of education in which the institution wants to focus, or the situation of the population of students, it could be that for a student with special needs a NULL CURRICULUM is applied, or for a religious institution that has to apply 2 types of curriculum, the OFFICIAL and the HIDDEN. ◼ Personal and professional growth personally I think it is important to recognize the different types of curiculum that exist so that we can develop them properly when you have the duty to apply one at some point..

Continuing with the curriculum topic and see presentations in groups

◼ LESSON TOPIC Listening the presentations and take notes. -What is a curriculum? -What curriculum is theorizing for a people yet to come? ◼ Critical Perspective The curriculum is like a general educational project where we include the ideological, socio-anthropological, epistemological, pedagogical and psychological conceptions to determine the objectives of school education. ◼ Benefits It is very important to know several definitions of what a curriculum is and to be able to distinguish how and when it should be used .... With respect to the second presentation that talks about the incorporation of technology, I find it curious that an article from a year ago I spoke to you about the inclusion of the virtual mode, and today it is something that is taking place, a new reality.

◼ Feasibility of implementation In case of the implementation of the virtuality we can break the limitations , actually we need to adapt our students to this method and try to have healthy limitations with the technology. ◼ Personal and professional growth We need to take in to account the whole curriculum desing for put in practice our individual lessons plans.. we need to know about what type of curriculum we are going to use, the