SSL E+KA229

Kinematics and Trail Running

<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tqNraZnDqCbB414XS2mDo6bFtMO5MBQK/view?usp=sharing">Orienteering race</a> on the mountains. The objective is to search for 5 control points in less than 2 hours with the help of&nbsp;a <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IPmaRu4T74pyHk4FWBOeAEuYvl9CZ5Rf/view">map</a> and a compass. <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WjuYT_9g5HINTmLrsDbWJX5x4BIhNBWE">Activities for practising before the race</a> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fqAAehxp2TNYGQb-yfJMtwH-kZ2GjyN9">Rubric after the race</a>

The route is recorded by each team&nbsp;using an smartphone and the Strava application. This data is used the following day for the Physics activities at school.

Objective: to analyze GPS tracks of trail running practices. Open the track and search the information to fulfill the data table. Name of the track Distance (km) Accumulated height gain (m) Maximum altitude (m) Minimum altitude (m) Time (hh:mm:ss) Average speed (km/h, min/km) After that, divide the track into several parts, taken in account the profiles of the circuits. Paste the profiles with the splits. Then, complete the tables. Part 1 Distance (km) Time (hh:mm:ss) Average speed (km/h, min/km) <a href="http://www.1728.org/gradient.htm">Grade percent incline</a> Part 2 .... Make a comparison between the speed and the inclination and draw out conclusions about it.

Logo of the project created with the <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.neuralprisma&amp;hl=es&amp;gl=US">App Prisma</a> from a photo taken during a trekking along the Costa Alentejana (Meeting in Beja 21/03/19).

Step 4: Calculating the Efficiency When someone practises trail running, KE and PE are useful types of energy since they are applied for moving and climbing. However, TE is wasted energy that just heats up the air surrounding the runner. Then, the runner’s efficiency percentage can be calculated with the formula: Efficiency=((KE+PE)/TEC)x100 Step 5: Confirming the validity of the measure&nbsp; To confirm if our calculation is good, we use another method to estimate the total energy spent in a running race using the runner’s heart rate (De Lucio, Castañeda, 2004). It takes into account the following variables: runner’s age, mass, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), average heart rate (HR) and time. 1) Estimate the HR max. HR max = 220 – age(years) This is the usual formula for this estimation, but a recent study showed that it underestimates the real maximum heart rate and proposes another equation (Tanaka 2001):&nbsp; HR max = 208 – 0,7 x age(years) 2) Calculate %HR=HR average/HR max 3) Calculate the maximal oxygen consumption or maximal aerobic capacity, called VO2max.&nbsp; The average untrained healthy males reach VO2 max of approximately 35-40 ml/kg/min. The average untrained healthy female scores a VO2 max of approximately 27–31 ml/kg/min.

These values can improve with training and decrease with age. A degree of trainability may vary widely - some individuals can double VO2 max with training, some will never improve it, even despite regular exercising. The examples of maximal oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) are listed below: 4) Find the equivalence&nbsp;between the average HR and the percentage&nbsp;of VO2max. 5) Calculate the percentage of VO2 max in mL/kg/min related with the average HR:&nbsp;VO2=VO2 max*%VO2 Max 6) Calculate the metabolic equivalent task (MET). 1 MET = 3,5 mL/kg/min&nbsp; 1 MET = 1 kcal/kg/h MET=VO2*/3,5 7) Multiply by the runner’s mass to calculate the spent energy in kcal/h. 8) Multiply by the time to work out the total energy consumption.

Energy consumption in Trail Running

Answer to this question: Is the runner’s energy completely converted in motion? Fill this table using the data you can find from DecathlonCoach/Strava and from the runner: Distance (km) Accumulated height gain (m)&nbsp; Time (hh:mm:ss)&nbsp; Average speed (km/h)&nbsp; Runner’s mass (kg) Runner’s age (years) Runner’s average hearth rate (bpm) Step 1: Calculating the Total Energy Consumption Using the Total Energy Consumption test by Léger and Mercier, let’s now try to estimate the total energy spent in a running race. 1) Calculate the average speed in m/min (1 km/h= 1000 m/60 s) 2) Look at this table and search the energy consumption value depending on the speed (data table Léger and Mercier 1984) <a href="https://app.box.com/s/xnzbm4k2flzaqwikm5w1">LINK1</a> - <a href="https://app.box.com/s/nkiuz4xuq3c3it3e456f">LINK2</a> 3) Multiply this value by the runner’s mass. This is the energy consumed per kilometer. 4) Multiply this value by the value of the distance in kilometres of the run to calculate the total energy consumption.

Step 2: Calculating the Mechanical Energy Let’s call: Total energy consumption=TEC, Kinetic Energy=KE, Gravitational Potential Energy=PE, Thermal Energy (TE) Applying the Energy Conservation law we can use the formula:&nbsp; TEC = KE + PE&nbsp;+ TE&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Let’s calculate the Kinetic Energy, associated to the movement of the runner: 1) Calculate the power of the runner, using the formula P=mgv/4 where m is the mass of the runner, g is the gravity acceleration and v is the average runner’s speed. To know how we can deduct this formula, you can read here: <a href="http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/technote/walkrun.htm">http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/technote/walkrun.htm</a> 2) Calculate the Kinetic Energy: KE=P t 3) Calculate the Gravitational Potential Energy: PE=mgh where m is the runner’s mass, g is the gravity acceleration and h is the altitude climbed. Step 3: Calculating the Thermal Energy Thermal Energy (TE) is lost through the skin and it is very difficult to calculate, since it depends on so many factors. However, it can be estimated by difference using the formula&nbsp;(1): TE = TEC – KE – PE

Dynamics in Trail Running

Which forces are exerted when we run? First, we need to state some assumptions about the running process. - Each foot contacts the ground and is pushed by a reaction force (Newton’s Third Law of Motion) which impulses the body along a parabolic trajectory until the opposite foot strikes the ground - The vertical component of the impulsive force at the instant the foot leaves the ground is equal to the horizontal force so as to reach maximum range

Answer the questions below: 1) Draw a scheme of the forces acting on a runner who runs on a flat surface. Calculate the forces. You can find additional info in this link: <a href="http://www.real-world-physics-problems.com/physics-of-running.html">http://www.real-world-physics-problems.com/physics-of-running.html</a> Consider the air resistance force as well. Read this links to sort it out: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_coefficient">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_coefficient</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_surface_area">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_surface_area</a> Open the GPS track of your race. Calculate the force that your body exerts during a flat section of your race. 2) Why both the vertical and the horizontal components of the force are equal? Watch this simulation which shows the relation between the launch angle and the range: <a href="http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/mechanics/chapter2_projectiles.html">http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au</a> <a href="http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/mechanics/chapter2_projectiles.html">/mechanics/chapter2_projectiles.html</a> 3) Study the uphill part of the race. Calculate the grade percent incline and the inclination angle of each part. Learn about grades, slopes and angles:&nbsp; <a href="http://www.1728.org/gradient.htm">http://www.1728.org/gradient.htm</a> 4) Do activity 1 again but on the inclined surface of activity 3. Calculate the forces. Draw out some conclusions

SCIENCE AND SPORT SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE

“Science and Sport speak the same Language” is an Erasmus+ KA229 project that combines Science and Sport by means of a European partnership with four high schools: La Sénia (coordinator school from Spain), Beja (Portugal), Genova (Italy) and La Rochelle (France). Our proposal is to apply Science to real sport activities in international and innovative contexts. Website of the project <a href="https://science-sport-language.weebly.com/">https://science-sport-language.weebly.com/</a> eTwinning is used by the partnership and all the activities are placed on the Twinspace platform

Nov 2018. Meeting in La Sénia (Spain). Kinematics and Trail Running Jan 2019. Between meetings. Tracker video analysis Apr 2019. Meeting in Beja (Portugal). Transparent heart Nov 2019. Meeting in Genova (Italy). Energy consumption in Trail Running April 2020. Between meetings. Dynamics in Trail Running Feb 2021. Project Extension. Energy and Sport: own body balance

Objective: to study constant and non-constant speed sections of a trail running GPS track. First of all, find a GPS track of one of the races of the project. Once there, select different parts of the race where: you run at approximately constant speed, you speed up and you slow down respectively. a.&nbsp;Collect data points (position, time, altitude, speed) for each part and type them in an Excel/Open Office spreadsheet (around 5-8 data points each). b.&nbsp;Draw the plots position/time/altitude and speed/time/altitude for each part. c.&nbsp;&nbsp;Make brief comments about the shape of the data in each plot (constant/non-constant speed) and relate it with the race profile. d.&nbsp;Draw only the plots position/time this time. Insert linear trend lines. Copy their equations and the R-squared coefficient for all the plots. Compare the results and draw out conclusions. What does the R-squared mean? What is the meaning of the slope of these straight lines? Please, read before starting some information about trend lines: <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/res/gt/gt-reg-home.html">https://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/res/gt/gt-reg-home.html</a>

e.&nbsp;Take the equations with highest R-squared coefficients and predict the position for future times, for example “if the runner kept running at the same pace, after 5 minutes he/she would be travelled X metres”. f.&nbsp;Do the same procedure as in the previous question, but now calculating the time that the runner takes to travel a certain guessed distance.

<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1sTRjxL9mS7LdPMlBkrPpP-lPWbyLdYcw">Kinematics and TR</a>

Lycée Saint Exupéry, La Rochelle – France

Agrupamento de Escolas n.º2, Beja- Portugal

Transparent heart activity

In the School&nbsp;Lab, the experiment of the Transparent Heart - Accelerate and Decelerate, observing the influence of several toxic substances on heart batiment in living organisms (Daphnia). For the experiments, students had to follow the following instructions and&nbsp;protocole.

Transparent Heart activity.pdf

5) Study the downhill part of the race. Calculate the grade percent decline and the declination angle of each part 6) Do activity 1 again but on the inclined surface of activity 7. Calculate the forces. Draw out some conclusions If you need to revise the basics of Dynamics, click on the following link: <a href="http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Mechanics/Dynamics/">http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Mechanics/Dynamics/</a>

Energy and Sport: Own body balance

Aims: - Compare our body’s energy intake and energy expenditure - Discuss the results and draw out conclusions Procedure: The activity is based on<a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1DCek01Xe3uYC-gmXuqizXCE_FH4e0jYg4cfhIyHVmwA/edit?usp=sharing"> Prof. Canepa’s presentation</a> from "Università degli Studi di Genova" (Italy). INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY During one day, each student collects all the food taken and the physical and&nbsp;sport activities practised. Open a Google Sheet to find out the energy balance by calculating the energy intake and the energy expenditure. <a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/16aUxvPQsYv8a1BKzduJaooqZH5vdMwjL5e60cDkoSlg/edit?usp=sharing">This presentation </a>shows you how&nbsp;to do this task. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY Each pupil has to choose another pupil-from-another-country’s results and comment them. First, share your Google Sheet link in a Padlet. Second, select another country pupil's task by writing a comment down to his/her&nbsp;Padlet post. Read carefully the energy balance done by your partner and answer <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/15CnqDNRlpLjPg74XGMkzbW5GemYmvltS7KSO5-aNz8I/prefill">this&nbsp;Google Form</a>. <a href="https://www.loom.com/share/f4fe39dd1a05430da0feec644c208818">HELP video tutorial</a> to implement the activity.

<a href="https://physlets.org/tracker/">Tracker</a> is free video and modelling tool to monitor and study the motion of objects. Objective: to study constant and non-constant speed sections of a runner or a thrown object. First of all, record a video of a student running or throwing an object. The video has to include a distance reference (measured distance) that the program uses to calculate the kinematic parameters. This tutorial video edited on the Tracker website shows how to work out the videos and obtain the results. There are more completed videos and examples on the Tracker website <a href="https://youtu.be/n4Eqy60yYUY">Tracker Quick Start</a> Reports and pictures produced during the first course of the project <a href="https://youtu.be/Kzg-cVlj12U">Video of a runner</a> <a href="https://youtu.be/FZZhK1yLRZk">Video of a throwing</a> <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1w8uyoAtxVhbN9mtyt-cKOzevuKG3KTgK">Drive Folder 1 with Tracker files and reports</a> <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1P719COv4_FAFc-CI0bQZ7W1HlHjI_bIv">Drive Folder 2 with Tracker files and reports</a>

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