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Antibiotics, Viruses and Bacteria

November 2020

By: Belen and Jimena

Introduction

This book is going to talk about antibiotics, bacteria and viruses such as things like how they work, how they affect us and more!

1.

Contents:

Page 1.Introduction

Page 2.Contents

Page 3.Questions and Answers

Page 4.Bacteria Vocabulary words

Page 5.Bacteria

Page 6. Antibiotic Resistance

Page 7. The Human Microbiome

Page 8. Viruses Vocabulary

Page 9. Viruses

Page 10. Antibiotics Vocabulary

Page 11. Antibiotics

Page 12. Bacteria Visual

Page 13. Virus Visual

Page 14. Bio #1

Page 15.Bio #2

2.

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Questions and Answers

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What is phage therapy?
Phage therapy is a method that uses bacterial viruses, or phages, to treat bacterial infections. Phages are a type of virus that invade bacteria (bacteriophage). After it invades the bacteria it makes replicas of itself to spread. 

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What is the immune system?
The immune system prevents and/or limits infection. The immune system is a group of organs, white blood cells, proteins ,etc that work together to protect you from viruses, bacteria, fungi and more microorganisms that can make you sick. 

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What do you know about fecal transplants?
fecal transplants are when someone donates gut bacteria from their feces to another person that needs good bacteria in their gut. That's one thing I know about fecal transplants.

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How do bacteria and antibiotics connect to fecal transplants?
Well antibiotics sometimes cause fecal transplants because when you take a lot of antibiotics they can get rid of good bacteria that you need in your gut. So then you'll have to get a fecal transplant to get the bacteria you need. Bacteria are the cause of why you need the fecal transplants because that's what you're missing and a fecal transplant is going to give the bacteria you need.

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What is the difference between bacteria and viruses?
Scientists differ on whether viruses are alive or not, but we 100% know that bacteria are. Bacteria are single celled microorganisms and bacteria are very adaptable but need different things to survive (depending on where they live), but they all need nutrients to grow and make copies of themselves. On the other hand, viruses need a host (another living organism) to get them everything they need.

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3.

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Bacteria Vocabulary

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1. Cell wall: Protection Border


2. Ribosomes: Creates Proteins


3. Flagella: The bacterias tail that helps them move


4. DNA: Genetic Material


5. Cell Membrane: Lets things go ot and in of the bacteria

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4.

Bacteria

Bacteria is a microorganism that lives almost everywhere. Including outside your body in your body and probably every place you could think of. Some bacteria are very dangerous and can make you very sick but however there are some great bacteria that help your body stay healthy. Sometimes you might get prescribed antibiotics to kill your bacteria but be careful because antibiotics can kill not just bad bacteria but good bacteria too so don't take too much because you need your good bacteria to help you get rid of your bad bacteria and not let them grow in your body. We cannot live without bacteria because most of the bacteria in this earth are good and we need it to survive. It would be impossible to live without bacteria.Beneficial bacteria, also known as good bacteria, are bacteria that play a good and important role in the planet's ecosystem and human survival. Beneficial bacteria keep us alive and help our body stay healthy. The second bacteria are the ones in your digestive system (gut). They are good for you. These bacteria (called bacteroides) help you to break down your food and keep you healthy.  Pathogenic bacteria, also known as bad bacteria, usually spread diseases such as pneumonia, leprosy ,typhoid fever, tetanus, food poisoning and more. These diseases can make you sick and are even deadly. Some pathogenic bacterias are called Salmonella, C. difficile, B. fragilis, those bacteria can cause very dangerous infections in the human body.Super bacteria is a bacteria that becomes immune to antibiotics other words the bacteria is antibiotic resistant because using antibiotics too much causes the bacteria to get used to it and the bacteria finds ways to protect itself from the antibiotics.One fact I find amazing about bacteria is that they can adapt quickly and survive in places that are in terrible conditions. 
One fact I find amazing about bacteria is that they can adapt quickly and survive in places that are in terrible conditions. 

5.

Antibiotic Resistance

The interesting thing about this article was that it states very important facts about antibiotics. Some of them are what antibiotics do to bacteria,what they do if you use too much,and it also talks about an argument that the US government had to reduce antibiotic use in livestock.
 I can answer some of the who/what/where/when/why/how/do/so/if question words. The first detail I find interesting is that if you use too many antibiotics they can be bad. They are becoming less effective because bad bacteria can learn how to become immune to it because they can learn the ways to protect themselves and they can kill good bacteria. The second detail I find interesting was that antibiotics were one of the most special medical advances in the past century. The third detail I find informative is that there is an agreement that is, to make new antibiotics ,and to make doctors not prescribe drugs that are not needed.The fourth detail/fact I find interesting/informative is that 80% of antibiotics are fed to animals in the U.S.

6.

The Human Microbiome

The interesting things about this article was that it provided a good amount of information about bacteria, where they live, what they do, and how they can help us. It also perfectly explains what good and bad bacteria can do to our bodies. I can answer multiple who/what/where (etc) questions because this article helped me and could help many others answer similar questions. 
Four details I found interesting are, bacteria are one of the smallest microorganisms in the human body, all bacteria that live in the human microbiome are 2 to 5 pounds, antibiotics kill both bad and good bacteria, and lastly, bacteria can grow back in time but will change a person's microbiome.

7.

Viruses Vocabulary

Viruses : Viruses need to live inside cells to live and grow


Capsid : This is the outer coat of a virus


Lysogenic : This is a life cycle that allows viruses to stay hidden in the host cell


Lytic Cycle : This cycle involves the destruction of host cells faster than usual

8.

Viruses

A virus is a single celled microorganism that needs a living host to be alive because technically viruses aren't alive. Viruses come in many different shapes and sizes. Viruses can infect animals and humans. Some viruses can be deadly and some just get you sick for a while. People first discovered (human) viruses in 1901. Viruses hijack cells of living things then they use those cells to make replicas of themselves (more viruses) and then they hijack more cells and they make the host sick which is how a virus disease spreads and what they do in the body. Their goal is to hijack the living organism's cell to spread its disease and make the host sick. One is influenza which is very common and influenza causes people to get the flu. Another one is the Coronavirus which spreads a disease called covid-19 different people react differently if you have a stronger immune system and don’t have breathing problems there's a lower chance of you catching the virus. There is something good about a bacteriophage because since we take antibiotics they kill our good bacteria and since bacteriophage only target bacteria and not us we could use them to help us get rid of bad bacteria that are taking over our body. You can get rid of a virus from a cure like a vaccine.The differences between a virus and bacteria is that a virus is not alive while bacteria are. Another difference is that antibiotics kill good and bad bacteria, but viruses cannot be “killed.” 

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