History Remastered

What is the connection between westward expansion, the displacement of indigenous tribes and the start of the Civil War in the United States of America?

Native Americans, the earliest immigrants of the current-day United States, are believed to have crossed the land bridge that connected Asia to North America, thousands of years ago. Different people will use different terms, such as Native Americans, Native, American Indians, Indians, and the names of specific tribes to refer to themselves and others. Indigenous peoples living in North America are not a monolithic identity. They are and always have been a diverse group of people with cultures that differ from each other in regards to language, food, belief systems, governing, etc. The Expansion efforts of the United States displaced many native tribes from their homelands. Despite this complex and difficult history, many Native tribes operate as a sovereign nation with a distinct government recognized by the U.S Constitution. The land taken from native nations simultaneously cleared land for the expansion of the plantation system. The tensions over the expansion of slavery were at a height in the 1850s.

What led to Civil war in the United States?

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8,000 BCE: Sugar is found in New Guinea and began to spread to the Philippines, India, Thailand and other places. At first only royalty and extremely rich people could afford sugar because it was very expensive. This is why it was called “White Gold.“

In America, some colonists longed for independence from Britain, and many French citizens grew tired of their overpowering monarchy. In Saint Domingue, which is present day Haïti, the people revolted against the French government and fought for their independence. The American Revolution and French Revolution were not fought to free the enslaved. These were political revolutions. It was the Haitian Revolution that actually freed those who were in bondage. Haiti became the first free republic of formerly enslaved human beings. This inspired other uprisings led by groups of enslaved men and women.

The idea that freedom was now possible, though almost unimaginable, was an unstoppable force. 

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‘all men are created equal’ and ‘endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. ‘

America fought to be free from Great Britain, won the war, and gained independence as a nation. The founding fathers wanted to create a fair and stable country for its citizens without the control of a king. However, only those considered to be citizens benefited. 

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We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

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Treaties were made, promises were broken, and native Americans had to decide to assimilate or to fight to keep their land, culture, and way of life. 

It is well known that for a number of years past we have been harrased by a series of vexations…proceeded to Washington City with this pretended treaty…”

But lest some of your rash young men should forcibly oppose your arrangements for removal, I have ordered a large military force to be sent among you... If you listen to the voice of friendship and truth, you will go quietly and voluntarily. 

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The history of sugar cane begins with evidence of it in New Guinea in 8,000 B.C.E, to its nickname &quot;white gold&quot; when only the wealthy could afford it. However, the role sugar plays in the growth of the transatlantic slave trade begins in the 1500s when enslaved labor was used to produce sugar for the masses. 

10,000 BCE: Before sugar, honey was the popular sweetener in the world, but in North America, maple syrup was the sweetener because there were no bees.

Taino’s home, named Hispaniola in 1492 by Columbus 

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In 1493 sugar was brought on a ship to the Caribbean from the Canary Islands by Columbus. Columbus&apos; father-in-law was a sugar planter there, and sugar was produced using a watermill. Enslaved labor was used, but the scale was very small in comparison to what the future would have in store in the Caribbean.

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When Columbus first disrupted the Tainos lives, they were enslaved and were forced to mine for gold; their population was devastated. Later, when sugar plantations were booming, a new workforce was needed. It is also said that the Queen of Spain did not want to enslave the Tainos.

The first slave voyage directly from Africa was in 1525. By the 1690s the rate of enslavement increased to 30,000 Africans per year. By the 1790s, about 85,000 Africans were being taken from their homes per year. Most were forced to work on plantations cultivating cash crops. It is estimated that 12.5 million Africans were taken and enslaved between the 16th and 19th Centuries.

With this high rate of enslavement, justification to the world was needed. The enslavement and inhumane treatment of thousands of Africans during the sugar boom in the Caribbean led to completely false theories about race. In the 1600s, these false ideas started to spread. Some scientists studied race theory and perpetuated many false rumors. One specific lie was that the human race is made up of different species. This is not true because we are only one big human race.

Europeans enslaved between 2.5 million and 5 million Indigenous people in the Americas. Native nations were threatened by slavery and many died from diseases brought from Europe. Millions of indigenous people died by the 1600s. Because of the thousands of Native American cultures who resisted oppression, preserved their land and history, there are many sovereign nations who are recognized by the US constitution today. Approximately 5.2 million Indigenous are people living in the United States and need our help to fight against the erasure of their lived experiences in American history. 

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The Values of liberty and equality, among others, were established in these documents at the birth of each respective republic. These values guide America and France to live up to promised ideals.

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The enslaved emancipated themselves every time they resisted, rebelled, and revolted. Those who died in the name of freedom and those who continue to take a stand for what is right, should be at the center of history remastered.

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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States is known as the Great Emancipator. Lincoln can be given credit as the president who signed the emancipation proclamation leading the the 13th amendement.

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…being American is more than a pride we inherit, it’s the past we step into and how we repair it.

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 “What good man would prefer a country covered with forest and ranged by a few thousand savages to our expensive republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion?” 

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Europeans conquering Jerusalem learn the details of sugar production. When the Europeans went to try and conquer Jerusalem, they learned about sugar. Once it was well-known, everybody wanted it. Venice was trading with the Arabs, and they dominated the sugar trades in the Mediterranean. This went on for nearly a century, but sugar was still rare and expensive and was only available to the wealthy until the 1300s since it was very difficult to produce.

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Chapter 1: The Early History of Sugar

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In 1791, a man named Toussaint L’Ouverture led the enslaved people of present day Haïti in a series of battles. This was the Haïtian Revolution. By the late 1700s, word had spread that “all men are created equal.” This meant that revolting was possible, and freedom was worth fighting for. Haïti was the first free country founded by formerly enslaved people and was an inspiration to many people on other sugar islands.

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The gradual abolition of slavery in northern states and their disregard for the fugitive slave law contributed to the tensions between the north and the south.

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Sugar controlled economies and increased the wealth of nations while exploiting and enslaving millions. Nothing had compared to the way the world had changed because of Sugar.

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Diagram of a ship that transported enslaved people.

The Haïtian Revolution led to the famous Louisiana Purchase in the United States of America. After Haiti won, they were independent and no longer a French colony. When Napoleon sent an army to bring back Saint Domingue, he also sent one to secure Louisiana, a territory Spain had just given up after a lost war. When Jefferson heard about this exchange, he was scared. He needed Louisiana and New Orleans, so he made an offer to buy it from Napoleon for 15 million. France was locked in war with Spain and Italy, and Napoleon decided he would need 15 million dollars more than Louisiana since his most profitable colony was now an independent republic.

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The plantation system was built in the Arab world. A plantation is a large area of land used to produce one crop sold for profit.

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Because of the innovation of the plantation system and more advanced technology, sugar became cheaper and cheaper because of its mass production made possible through unethical methods of labor of enslaved people.

Olaudah Equiano was an African kidnapped from his homeland at 11 years old and enslaved. The journey on the ship from his homeland to the Americas was terrifying.

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Olaudah Equiano’s autobiography was published in 1789. He describes his experience on the ship transporting thousands of Africans taken against their will from Western Africa to the Americas. Some historians believe he was actually born in South Carolina, but wrote this mémoire to help the abolitionist cause.

“I now wished for the last friend, Death, to relieve me!”

“I was not able to eat , nor had I the least desire to taste anything.”

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In 1833, Dred Scott, an enslaved man at the time moved to a free state with his master. In 1836, a year before he married his wife Harriet Robinson, he moved to Wisconsin, another free state. In 1838, Dred Scott and Harriet Scott were taken back to slavery. Dred Scott decided to sue for his freedom in 1846. He stated that he had freedom before, therefore he should forever be free.

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Supreme Court judge Taney and the justices ruled against Scott. This outraged abolitionists.

In the opinion of the court, the legislation and histories of the times, and the language used in the Declaration of Independence, show, that neither the class of persons who had been imported as slaves, nor their descendants, whether they had become free or not, were then acknowledged as a part of the people…

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Slavery was protected in the constitution, but it’s name was almost never mentioned. Protections of slavery were built into the constitution by the request of some southerners during the writing of the Constitution. Articles I, IV, and V include direct protections of slavery. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 offered further protections to southern enslavers. 

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This decision strengthened the abolitionist movement. This, in addition to other pro-slavery decisions, angered people who opposed slavery. Abolitionists tried to help freedom seekers.

Douglass’ reaction to the Supreme Court decision on Dred Scott:

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The secret network led by the infamous Harriet Tubman, called the underground railroad, was first mentioned in the 1830s and continued to help people escape to freedom, despite the supreme courts racism. The southern states continued to demand stronger enforcement of the fugitive slave law by the federal government.

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God’s time is always near.  He set the North Star in the heavens;  He gave me the strength in my limbs;  He meant I should be free.

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The American experiment conducted by the founders of America stands the test of time with a constitution that allows for amendments to continue improving towards a “more perfect union.”

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In the late 1700s, freedom felt possible. Abolitionists continued movements to teach civilians about the horrors of slavery. In 1789, Olaudah Equiano&apos;s autobiography was published detailing his horrific experience on a slave ship. This, in addition to Thomas Clarkson&apos;s award-winning essay published three years earlier in 1786 that advocated for the abolition of slavery, propelled the abolitionist movement forward in England by exposing the horrors endured by the enslaved.

In England Thomas Clarkson started a campaign to encourage others to boycott &quot;the blood sweetened beverage.&quot; Rather than buy sugar produced through enslaved labor, people could look for labels that said, &quot;Produced by the labour of Freemen.&quot; It was becoming more and more difficult for people to ignore the inhumane way that their sugar was made.  A Revolution to end slavery was in the air.

The cycle of buying humans, getting free labor out of them, then selling the sugar and other cash crops to customers whose money led to buying more humans continued for centuries.

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In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free.

When Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, it was a turning point in his evolution towards the issue of slavery. With the influence of Frederick Douglass, a respected writer, speaker, and abolitionist, Lincoln came to realize that slavery could not coexist with our American values of freedom.

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By the late 1700s slavery was also well-established in the southern, North American colonies. Cash crops like cotton and tobacco were creating great wealth in America. The United States couldn’t imagine a strong economy without enslaved labor to the point where slavery was protected under the law of the land, The United States Constitution. 

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Jundi Shapur, a university in Iran, became the first teaching hospital. By 600 CE Doctors taught about the Indian remedy that they thought was a medicine, sugar. Others learned how to turn sugarcane into crystallized sugar.

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The Arab world became the masters of sugar production and sold it as a delicacy. It was considered white gold, because it was extremely rare and difficult to produce. Only royalty and very wealthy people could afford it and it served as decoration at fancy dinner parties.

There was a clear crisis in the 1850s eventually leading to the American Civil War. The crisis was largely defined by arguments over the expansion of slavery. Slavery was protected in the constitution because of the request of soutern enslavers. The protections in articles I IV, and V, and the fugitive slave act of 1793 ensured that enslaved people would be brought back to their owners. However, this law was not respected by many anti-slavery northerners. Laws like “The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850” were passed to enforce the previous laws and to make sure enslaved people would be returned as property to the enslavers. It set severe penalties for someone who helped an enslaved person. 

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Break tools Work slowly Sing songs of freedom

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France forced Haiti to pay reparations to former enslavers and their descendants through the 20th century which affected their economy.  Some of the money paid to France partially helped finance the building of the Eiffel Tower. 

Reparations refers to money paid as compensation for a wrong-doing.

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When the Spanish colonized the Canary Islands and used the land for sugar plantations, indigenous people were enslaved to work the sugar mills. Spain was profiting from this cash crop by the 1500s. 

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Sugar’s history and it’s connection to slavery in the New World can be traced back to Spain’s colonization of the Canary Islands. An explorer we all know, who sailed the ocean blue in the infamous year of 1492, Christopher Columbus, brought it to an island in the Caribbean on his 2nd voyage in 1493.

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L’Ouverture quickly became popular among the Haïtians, and once they were free, in 1801, he named himself “governor for life”. This infuriated Napoleon, who, in 1802, sent a fleet of ships to bring back Saint Domingue and reenslave the Haïtians. Britain participated too, out of fear that Haïti’s ideas of revolution would spread to their sugar islands. L’Ouverture warned the Haïtians of what was coming. He set up his own army, and they fought ruthlessly. They would not give up their freedom after only a taste of it. France and Britain&apos;s efforts were unsuccessful and by 1804, Haiti was an independent Nation and many formerly enslaved people were free.

After L’ouverture’s death in 1802, Jean-Jacques Dessalines became the emperor of Haiti. He was formerly enslaved but became a prominent lieutenant under L’Ouverture. When Napoleon tried to reintroduce slavery in 1803, Dessalines led a rebellion. They defeated the French in Saint-Domingue, and Dessalines declared independence from France. He renamed the country Haiti, an indigenous Arawak name.  Until his death in 1806 his title was Emperor Jacques I.

“In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the trunk of the tree of the black liberty in St-Domingue-it will spring back form the roots, for they are numerous and deep.”

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The slave trade clause in the United States Constitution 

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The migration or importation of such persons as the several states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the legislature prior to the year 1808

In other words, this clause ensures that the slave trade could not be outlawed until 1808 allowing for states to continue importing enslaved people for 20 more years after the ratification of the constitution.

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Not all citizens were granted the same rights as others since the founding of the United States. America’s continued development towards a “more perfect union” is the legacy of those who fought for their rights despite a “tangled network of contradictions.” The hard history of Slavery in America is at the center of the narrative, as well as the fight for freedom that was a driving force in defining who we would become as a nation post-civil war. History remastered provides a narrative explaining the road to the abolition of slavery in America that aims to shift the focus of emancipation onto those who emancipated themselves. The legacy of the people who resisted and revolted in the name of freedom lies in the future they paved for their descendants. The story begins with the history of sugar and its role in fueling the transatlantic slave trade. During the age of Revolution in the 1700s, we zoom in on Haiti’s successful Revolt for freedom and detail other uprisings that proved slavery an unsustainable, inhumane practice. The dots continue to connect to the purchase of the Louisiana territory, westward expansion, the displacement of native nations, and the tensions related to the expansion of slavery. All of these dots eventually lead to the civil war and the end of slavery.

There was a time…when our country was involved in a tangled network of contradictions; when a heavy curse rested upon our very soil..,but The storm has been weathered, in our favor.

Frederick Douglass, 1869, after the abolition of slavery

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The transport of the Tainos across the Atlantic in the 1400s was not the first instance of this kind of trade, nor did it happen on a large scale until the 1500s, but this transaction was a significant turning point.

Large Scale Transatlantic Trade: 1525-1866

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Chattel slavery*, the buying and selling of people, was officially linked to what would come to be known as the Americas.

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The institution of slavery grew the world&apos;s ecomony by mass producing cash crops to be sold all over the world.

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One fifth of the country&apos;s population were enslaved people who were not treated as equals and who were not free. Still, Thomas Jerfferson and the other founding fathers of America stood firmly behind their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

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Following the French Revolution, Slavery was abolished in some of the French Caribbean Islands in 1794. Because of the values stated in Declaration des droits de l’homme and successful slave revolts where freedom was being demanded, France had little choice but to end slavery at this time.

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However, It was reestablished in 1802 by Napoleon; Haiti won and remained free and independent from France. 

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Chapter 5: Connections: From Westward Expansion to Freedom

Those in bondage continued to reject enslavement. Nat Turner, an enslaved man in Virginia, led a rebellion dispelling the perpetuated myth that enslaved men, women, and children were happy and willing to accept their situation. The Virginia government debated ending slavery to avoid another revolt, but instead imposed harsher rules.

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All primary and secondary sources used were curated and or fact-checked from: The Gilder Lehrman Institute The Library of Congress Learning for Justice The Smithsonian The Zinn Project National Park Service Britannica Eric Foner via PBS Clint Smith, Crash Course Black American History

The American Civil War’s cause has always been debated. A lot of people say that it was about states’ rights, not slavery. That is what the southern states tried to portray after losing the war. Well, it actually was about slavery. When the first state, South Carolina, seceded from the union, they explained:

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An increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding states to the institution of slavery…in many of these states the fugitive is discharged from service or labor claimed…

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More proof the war was caused over tensions related to slavery was earlier in 1850,  when the south asked the federal government to enforce the fugitive slave law. This also contradicts the statement that states’ rights was at the center of the issue. It was always brought to the same debate; the debate that was also important to America when the country was created; slavery. When writing the Constitution, the Founding Fathers had to protect slavery for southern states who relied on it. So, slavery was weaved into the Constitution and the opposing views over whether to expand or stop the spread of this inhumane practice led the country to war.

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Over the course of Lincoln’s first term as president, Douglass had three meetings with him. Thanks to Douglass and other experiences during the civil war, Lincoln’s thinking about black Americans and the institution of slavery evolved. He recalls always thinking it was immoral, but by 1862, he realized that It had to be abolished for good and issued the emancipation proclamation. He threatened to free all enslaved men by January 1, 1863 if confederate states did not return to the union before then. They did not, so he followed through on his promise of freedom for all.

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According to these maps, the United States government&apos;s policy of forced displacement of self-governing native tribes from their ancestral homelands is directly linked to the expansion of slavery between 1810 and 1860. Beginning in the eastern United States and expanding to lands west of the Mississippi River that had been Indian territory for thousands of years. The Indian territory shrunk over the years. While Indian removal expands the growth of slavery in the South, it also expands slavery westward because indigenous people who enslaved African - Americans could bring enslaved people to their new home in Their designated area. This history is complex. 

 Maps on the right = Growth of the enslaved population

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Notice a pattern? keep turning the pages

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Thomas Jefferson was concerned that the success of Haiti would spread to his new country, the USA. He decided to ignore Haiti’s freedom and discontinue trade with them. 

Slavery was not abolished in the United States until over 80 years after the American Revolution. Those who resisted enslavement, abolitionists, and other activists were central to the development of America as we know it today. Resistance to slavery made it an unsustainable practice.

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1811: The German Coast Uprising of enslaved men and women fighting for their freedom, inspired by Haiti

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He and his men exploited the Tainos generosity, skills, and talent. They treated them inhumanely*. Columbus realized he didn’t find the riches he had expected, kidnapped hundreds of Tainos, and sent them across the Atlantic Ocean as commodities*. Some of the Taino people were treated as property; they were enslaved or kidnapped and sold for profit.

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Despite Columbus’ sentiments towards the Taino people, he subjugated and enslaved many. Though many Tainos resisted enslavement and fought the Spanish invaders, their population was devastated.

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&quot;I have taken possession of them all for their Highnesses.&quot;

The arrival of Christopher Columbus in the land he claimed for Spain changed the Tainos’ life and culture. Most of their population died because of the aggression of the Europeans. Others died because of unusual diseases that they did not have immunity* against.

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After the purchase of the Louisiana territory, the United States of America started to expand west. Thomas Jefferson commissioned Lewis and Clark to explore the unknown land and to keep a detailed journal to determine if it were possible for settlers to move west. In 1845, a journalist named John L. O&apos;Sullivan coined the term “Manifest Destiny.” He used it as a way to word the concept of spreading American Ideologies.

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The famous painting, American Progress by John Gast was created in 1857, years after settlers began to claim more and more land. These two words, American Progress, are Loaded with complexity when referring to westward expansion. To white settlers, they meant pride, urbanism, future, money, and land. But, to the Indigenous people who lived in the west, this meant assimilation, blood, death, and losing their homes and way of life.