"God, despite we are still an animal inside the animal kingdom, makes humans different. God has made human with unique abilities, one of them are making their own language"

Language is a principal method of human communication, by using language humans able to understand each other. Since we are as humans separated all over the world, a language is created differently for each place. For example, an Indonesian cannot understand what a Russian try speak. However, somehow he can still understand what Malaysian tries to speak, this phenomenon happens because the language has a path of history and from there researcher-made linguistics.

Linguistic is Scientific Study of Language, far from the first example, studying more than just history of language.

That is the entire subject I will include inside this e-book. It might not include such a detailed explanation but going to explain important material simply.

Language is a principal method of human communication, by using language humans able to understand each other. Since we are as humans separated all over the world, a language is created differently for each place. For example, an Indonesian cannot understand what a Russian try speak. However, somehow he can still understand what Malaysian tries to speak, this phenomenon happens because the language has a path of history and from there researcher-made linguistics.

Linguistic is Scientific Study of Language, far from the first example, studying more than just history of language.

That is the entire subject I will include inside this e-book. It might not include such a detailed explanation but going to explain important material simply.

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Now let me with some basic questions such as what is language from other writers perspectives. Finocchiaro, a writer of a book in 1964, defined language as “a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols that permit all people in a given culture or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact.” The term ARBITRARY is the absence of a mandatory relationship between the language symbols (which is in the form of a sound) and the concept or meaning referred to by the symbol.

How about communication, what is communication? Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981, have explained communication as “a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour.” Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary describes communication as information exchange.

Exercise, line the sentence that explains the question and answers the question
1. Line about arbitrary, who was the invited of language definition?
2. Line about phonology, what is the difference between phonology and phonetic?
3. Line about what is linguistic, explain briefly, what is linguistic?

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Now let me with some basic questions such as what is language from other writers perspectives. Finocchiaro, a writer of a book in 1964, defined language as “a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols that permit all people in a given culture or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact.” The term ARBITRARY is the absence of a mandatory relationship between the language symbols (which is in the form of a sound) and the concept or meaning referred to by the symbol.

How about communication, what is communication? Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981, have explained communication as “a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour.” Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary describes communication as information exchange.

Exercise, line the sentence that explains the question and answers the question
1. Line about arbitrary, who was the invited of language definition?
2. Line about phonology, what is the difference between phonology and phonetic?
3. Line about what is linguistic, explain briefly, what is linguistic?

Phonetics, as I have mentioned before, are a study about speech sound. IPA, International Phonetic Alphabet, is a writing system used by linguists to write pronunciation. However, before we continue to Vowel and Consonant, let me explain to you how the voice produced.
               The human body consists of many organs, a combination between some organs can make a human do something completely different from any living thing, which is to speak, particularly mother tongue. Then what is mother tongue, simply it is the first language we learned by the time we grow up as children exactly. Our mother or family to be honest has been teaching us to speak with or her acceptable language, for example, I was born in java and the language I usually use was java language.
               A unique story happens when I started learning to speak English, I lost my ability to speak java but not the accent. It is happening because I do not use my java language often as usual.
Now back to the topic, we, as humans, must know about the basic rules of speak, that is “Air”. Without air, we cannot produce a voice or even live, Lungs and larynx inside our body make the voice. By vibrating the larynx we produce voice then be varied by organs inside or/and outside our mouth such as teeth, tongue, lips, or even additional stuff like our hands, instrument ECT.
               We will not speak more about things outside our mouths. Now let me explain how linguistics divide these high mechanism systems.
The sounds we produce are named Air Stream mechanisms those are pulmonic, which throw out from the lung by using muscles. This type of air stream produces sound such p, t, k, c, d, b, g. next we have Glotolic, it can be egressive (from inside to outside) and ingressive (from outside to inside) and produce sounds such as t’ and the last one is Velaric. In an ingressive airstream, the sound creates sounds like a person gets a heart attack.

Phonetics, as I have mentioned before, are a study about speech sound. IPA, International Phonetic Alphabet, is a writing system used by linguists to write pronunciation. However, before we continue to Vowel and Consonant, let me explain to you how the voice produced.
               The human body consists of many organs, a combination between some organs can make a human do something completely different from any living thing, which is to speak, particularly mother tongue. Then what is mother tongue, simply it is the first language we learned by the time we grow up as children exactly. Our mother or family to be honest has been teaching us to speak with or her acceptable language, for example, I was born in java and the language I usually use was java language.
               A unique story happens when I started learning to speak English, I lost my ability to speak java but not the accent. It is happening because I do not use my java language often as usual.
Now back to the topic, we, as humans, must know about the basic rules of speak, that is “Air”. Without air, we cannot produce a voice or even live, Lungs and larynx inside our body make the voice. By vibrating the larynx we produce voice then be varied by organs inside or/and outside our mouth such as teeth, tongue, lips, or even additional stuff like our hands, instrument ECT.
               We will not speak more about things outside our mouths. Now let me explain how linguistics divide these high mechanism systems.
The sounds we produce are named Air Stream mechanisms those are pulmonic, which throw out from the lung by using muscles. This type of air stream produces sound such p, t, k, c, d, b, g. next we have Glotolic, it can be egressive (from inside to outside) and ingressive (from outside to inside) and produce sounds such as t’ and the last one is Velaric. In an ingressive airstream, the sound creates sounds like a person gets a heart attack.

Plate is part of our mouth it locate in above, that picture shows what our plate can produce. Acoustic phonetic is study about larynx and Auditory phonetic is study about process of sound inside our head.
Exercise. Answer the question.
1. What is plate?
2. What is mother tongue?
3. Are language relating each other?

Plate is part of our mouth it locate in above, that picture shows what our plate can produce. Acoustic phonetic is study about larynx and Auditory phonetic is study about process of sound inside our head.
Exercise. Answer the question.
1. What is plate?
2. What is mother tongue?
3. Are language relating each other?

I accidentally explained phonology in the last sub-field. Let's just continue and have some refreshing.
               Phonology is a study about human organs that produce sound, both phonology and phonetics cannot be separated from each other, why? Because both of them relate and supplement each other. Without organs, we cannot produce any sounds.
               Now we going to talk about complementary distribution, which is a relation between the variant of the phoneme, which occurs in a certain set of phonological environments, these variants are called allophones.
               For example, tap, step, and bat. You can seek the pronunciation first and listen to it clearly, you will realize that tap, step, and bat are different. Why? That is allophone the first word is [thᴂp] then continue with [stᴈp] and [bᴂt] our main object is on [th] and /t/.
               Before we go too far let me explain about distribution field, /l/ and /r/ on the word lap and rap, that word only has 1 different pair which are l and r, which is what it calls contrastive distribution. We continue to [th] and /t/ those are different, [th] is word-initially followed by a vowel and the variant of /t/ in complementary distribution calls as an allophone.
Exercise. Answer these questions!
1. What is the difference between Phonology and phonetics?
a. There are no different                                                             c. Phonology is about sign and Phonetic is about sound
               b. Phonology is about organs that                                           d. No one is true
               Created sound
2. What do you /d/ in dark and /m/ in the mark?
               a. Phonetic        b. Allophone     c. Telephone    d. Constrastive distribution
3. Write down some allophone, minimum 5.