CELLS : THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

Fungi kingdom
This kingdom includes yeasts, moulds and all species of mushrooms and toadstools. These multicellular organisms have chitin in their cell walls, feed off other living things, and reproduce through spores.

Protista kingdom
The Protista kingdom contains the common ancestor but not all its descendants - and it includes those organisms that are not deemed to be animals, plants or fungi such as protozoa.

Monera kingdom
This is the kingdom of microscopic living things and groups together the prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria). This group is present in all habitats and is made up of single-cell things with no defined nucleus.

Paramecium

Monera kingdom
This is the kingdom of microscopic living things and groups together the prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria). This group is present in all habitats and is made up of single-cell things with no defined nucleus.

Organelles are special structures found within the cell. Each organelle has a specific job to carry out to help the cell to function properly.

An example of an organelle is the nucleus

Parts of the Animal cell

Functions of parts of the cell

Nucleus : found towards the center of the animal cell. Controls all the activities that occurs in the cell. Contains the DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid) which codes for specific traits ( eye color, height..) in organisms.

Ribosomes : smallest organelle in the cell. It is produced by the nucleolus present in the nucleus. The ribosome is responsible for making proteins that will help the cell to grow. They can be found on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytoplasm.

Functions of parts of the cell

Nucleus : found towards the center of the animal cell. Controls all the activities that occurs in the cell. Contains the DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid) which codes for specific traits ( eye color, height..) in organisms.

Ribosomes : smallest organelle in the cell. It is produced by the nucleolus present in the nucleus. The ribosome is responsible for making proteins that will help the cell to grow. They can be found on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytoplasm.

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Cytoplasm : Jelly-like substance that makes up the cell consisting of 70% water. Many dissolved substances such as nutrients and gases can be found in the cytoplasm.

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Mitochondrion (singular) : The mitochondria (plural) are responsible for producing energy from the food taken into the cell. The mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. The energy released from food in the mitochondria is stored in a special molecule called ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate)

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Cell membrane : It is the structure that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane allows substances to move in and out of the cell.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) : Maze of membrane that extends from the nucleus. The ER transport proteins made in the cell and allows for fat formation.

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Vacuole : Sac that stores water and food in the cell.

Plant Cell

Animal and plant cells share many common organelles. However, there are some additional specialized structures found in plant cells, including : chloroplasts, a large vacuole, and the cell wall.

Cell Wall: This is the rigid outermost layer of a plant cell. It makes the cell stiff -providing the cell with mechanical support - and giving it protection. Animal cells do not have cell walls.

Vacuoles: These are large sacs that store toxic wastes as well as useful products such as water. These are mainly found in plants, storing a sugary solution known as cell sap.

What Makes Plant Cells Unique?

Cell Wall: This is the rigid outermost layer of a plant cell. It makes the cell stiff -providing the cell with mechanical support - and giving it protection. Animal cells do not have cell walls.

Vacuoles: These are large sacs that store toxic wastes as well as useful products such as water. These are mainly found in plants, storing a sugary solution known as cell sap.

Chloroplast: Chloroplasts contain a green pigment (chlorophyll) that traps sunlight and converts it into sugars (food) by a process called photosynthesis. The sugars are a source of energy for the plants and the animals that eat them.

Cyanobacteria, a type of prokaryote capable of photosynthesis, are considered to be the ancestors of chloroplasts!

Cyanobacteria with chloroplast present in the cells.

Cyanobacteria, a type of prokaryote capable of photosynthesis, are considered to be the ancestors of chloroplasts!

Cyanobacteria with chloroplast present in the cells.

Cell Specialization

Cell specialization/differentiation is where special cells called stem cells change into different kinds of cell.