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9TH STANDARDLoading...
By Ms. Chayonika Mukherjee
Contents of the Book
Chapter 1: Tissues
Chapter 2: Force and Laws of Motion
Chapter 3: Is Matter Around Us Pure?
Chapter 1: Tissues
- Introduction
- Plant Tissues
- Types of Plant tissues
- Animal Tissues
- Types of Animal tissues
- Exercises
Chapter 2: Force and Laws of Motion
- Introduction to Force
- Effects of Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Frictional Force
- First Law of Motion
- Inertia
- Second Law of Motion
- Momentum
- Conservation of Momentum
- Third Law of Motion
- Exercises
Chapter 3: Is Matter Around Us Pure?
- Purity
- Compounds
- Elements
- Metals
- Non-Metals
- Metalloids
- Mixtures
- Types of Mixture
- Physical and Chemical Changes
- Solutions
- Concentration of Solutions
- Suspension
- Colloids
- Evaporation
- Separation of Substances
- Exercises
Contents of the Book
Chapter 1: Tissues
Chapter 2: Force and Laws of Motion
Chapter 3: Is Matter Around Us Pure?
Chapter 1: Tissues
- Introduction
- Plant Tissues
- Types of Plant tissues
- Animal Tissues
- Types of Animal tissues
- Exercises
Chapter 2: Force and Laws of Motion
- Introduction to Force
- Effects of Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Frictional Force
- First Law of Motion
- Inertia
- Second Law of Motion
- Momentum
- Conservation of Momentum
- Third Law of Motion
- Exercises
Chapter 3: Is Matter Around Us Pure?
- Purity
- Compounds
- Elements
- Metals
- Non-Metals
- Metalloids
- Mixtures
- Types of Mixture
- Physical and Chemical Changes
- Solutions
- Concentration of Solutions
- Suspension
- Colloids
- Evaporation
- Separation of Substances
- Exercises
Chapter 1: Tissues
Introduction
Tissues: Tissues are a group of cells that combine together to perform a particular function. It can be defined as a group of cells with similar shape and function are termed as tissues. They form a cellular organizational level, intermediate between the cells and organ system. Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues.
The study of tissue is known as histology and study of disease-related to tissue is known as histopathology.
Plant Tissues
Plant tissues are of various types, and they are made up of similar types of cells. They are different from animal tissues since there are several differences between animal and plant cells. Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues are the two types of plant tissues.
The classification of plant tissues are mainly based on the two important criteria:
Plant Tissues are broadly categorized into three tissue systems. This classification is on the basis of parts of the plants they are present.
Plant tissue is divided into two types. This classification is on the basis of the types of cells, they comprise:
Meristematic Tissues
They are the group of young cells, which consists of continually dividing cells and helps in the increase of length and width of the plant. There are different types of meristematic tissues, which are classified on the basis of positions, functions, plane of divisions, origin and development.
Tissues: Tissues are a group of cells that combine together to perform a particular function. It can be defined as a group of cells with similar shape and function are termed as tissues. They form a cellular organizational level, intermediate between the cells and organ system. Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues.
The study of tissue is known as histology and study of disease-related to tissue is known as histopathology.
Plant Tissues
Plant tissues are of various types, and they are made up of similar types of cells. They are different from animal tissues since there are several differences between animal and plant cells. Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues are the two types of plant tissues.
The classification of plant tissues are mainly based on the two important criteria:
- Based on the different part of plants.
- Based on the different types of cells.
Plant Tissues are broadly categorized into three tissue systems. This classification is on the basis of parts of the plants they are present.
- Epidermis Tissues – cells formed from the outermost surface of the leaves.
- Vascular Tissues – involved in transporting fluid and nutrients internally.
- Ground Tissue – involved in producing nutrients by photosynthesis and preserve nutrients.
Plant tissue is divided into two types. This classification is on the basis of the types of cells, they comprise:
- Meristematic tissues.
- Permanent tissues.
Meristematic Tissues
They are the group of young cells, which consists of continually dividing cells and helps in the increase of length and width of the plant. There are different types of meristematic tissues, which are classified on the basis of positions, functions, plane of divisions, origin and development.
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Introduction
Tissues: Tissues are a group of cells that combine together to perform a particular function. It can be defined as a group of cells with similar shape and function are termed as tissues. They form a cellular organizational level, intermediate between the cells and organ system. Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues.
The study of tissue is known as histology and study of disease-related to tissue is known as histopathology.
Plant Tissues
Plant tissues are of various types, and they are made up of similar types of cells. They are different from animal tissues since there are several differences between animal and plant cells. Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues are the two types of plant tissues.
The classification of plant tissues are mainly based on the two important criteria:
Plant Tissues are broadly categorized into three tissue systems. This classification is on the basis of parts of the plants they are present.
Plant tissue is divided into two types. This classification is on the basis of the types of cells, they comprise:
Meristematic Tissues
They are the group of young cells, which consists of continually dividing cells and helps in the increase of length and width of the plant. There are different types of meristematic tissues, which are classified on the basis of positions, functions, plane of divisions, origin and development.
Tissues: Tissues are a group of cells that combine together to perform a particular function. It can be defined as a group of cells with similar shape and function are termed as tissues. They form a cellular organizational level, intermediate between the cells and organ system. Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues.
The study of tissue is known as histology and study of disease-related to tissue is known as histopathology.
Plant Tissues
Plant tissues are of various types, and they are made up of similar types of cells. They are different from animal tissues since there are several differences between animal and plant cells. Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues are the two types of plant tissues.
The classification of plant tissues are mainly based on the two important criteria:
- Based on the different part of plants.
- Based on the different types of cells.
Plant Tissues are broadly categorized into three tissue systems. This classification is on the basis of parts of the plants they are present.
- Epidermis Tissues – cells formed from the outermost surface of the leaves.
- Vascular Tissues – involved in transporting fluid and nutrients internally.
- Ground Tissue – involved in producing nutrients by photosynthesis and preserve nutrients.
Plant tissue is divided into two types. This classification is on the basis of the types of cells, they comprise:
- Meristematic tissues.
- Permanent tissues.
Meristematic Tissues
They are the group of young cells, which consists of continually dividing cells and helps in the increase of length and width of the plant. There are different types of meristematic tissues, which are classified on the basis of positions, functions, plane of divisions, origin and development.
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The three main types of meristematic tissues depending on the occurrence of the meristematic tissue on the plant body are:
Meristematic Tissue On the basis of Origin
Promeristem
Meristematic Tissue On the Basis of Function
Protoderm
- Apical Meristem: These are present at the tips of the roots and shoots and helps in the increase of the height of the plants. It is divided into-promeristem zone, which contains actively dividing cells, and the meristematic zone, which contains protoderm, procambium and ground meristem.
- Lateral Meristem: It is located in the stems and roots on the lateral side. It increases the thickness of the plant. Vascular cambium and cork cambium are the two lateral meristems.
- Intercalary Meristem: It is located in the leaves and internodes at the intercalary position. These help to increase the length of the internode. It is found in grass, monocots and pines. It is a part of apical meristem and adds to the height of the plant.
Meristematic Tissue On the basis of Origin
Promeristem
- The earliest and youngest meristematic tissue.
- It originates from the embryo.
- The primary meristem arises from the promeristem.
- It is found in the root and the shoot tips.
- It arises from the promeristem.
- Cells divide actively.
- It is present below the promeristem and forms the permanent tissue.
- It originates from the primary meristem.
- The permanent tissue forms from the secondary meristem.
Meristematic Tissue On the Basis of Function
Protoderm
- It is the outermost plant tissue and forms the epidermis.
- It protects the plants from any mechanical shocks.
- It is the innermost tissue and gives rise to xylem and phloem.
- It helps in the transport of water and nutrients to different parts of the plant.
- The cells are large with thick walls.
- It forms the cortex, pericycle and pith.
