This book studies personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, singular and plural nouns, singular forms of other: another vs the other final -s, -es in plural n

Structure 1

I tell her not to worry about the new school, tell her that she'll be OK, and ask her about the new subjects she'll be studying. She tells me that she's worried about learning French, and I tell her not to worry, that it isn't a very difficult language. She tells me that she already knows five languages. 'Five languages!' I shout. 'That's impossible! How do you already know five languages?' 'Because I've got five languages in my body,' she says. I ask her what she means, and she starts to tell me the story of her family. Some of the story I already know. I've already heard stories about her grandfather. He was from Scotland; he was a sailor, but not a very good sailor, so he only got as far as Portsmouth, a big navy town on the south coast of England, not very far from Scotland at all. When he got to Portsmouth, he stopped there, left the navy and became a boxer. He lost fights and drank a lot. However, he still managed to see the world by meeting a woman who came from Laos. Nobody really knows how this woman had ended up in Portsmouth, but she still lives there, and I tell Scarlett that she should try and find out her grandmother's story. 'No, she's too old now,' says Scarlett, 'and anyway, she's lived in Portsmouth nearly all her life.'

Scarlett's grandparents were only together long enough to produce a son – probably one of the only Scottish-Laotians in the world. They called him Bill, which is usually short for 'William', but his name was just 'Bill'. Bill inherited his father's personality and his mother's looks, so the only thing he thought he could do was become a rock star. He never really managed to become a rock star, though, so now he works as a graphic designer. I don't know Scarlett's mum, so I ask her to tell me about her mum. 'My mum's Polish,' she says. 'Well, not really, because she was born in Brighton, but her mum and dad are from Poland. But they've lived there, like, for always. But I know that her mum was from somewhere that was Germany and then became Poland, so she's really German, I suppose. So that's another language that I've got in my body.' I ask Scarlett if she can actually speak all the languages that she says she has 'in her body', and she looks at me like I'm stupid. 'Of course not!' she says. 'But I've still got them in me!' We count up her 'languages': Scottish, Laotian, German, Polish. 'That's only four!' I tell her. 'No, there's English too!' 'Of course there is,' I say. And then I look at Scottish–Laotian–German–Polish–English Scarlett, with her name that comes from nowhere, and I ask her: 'And you, Scarlett, where are you from?' She thinks for a long time – such a long time that I think perhaps she hasn't heard my question. But then, before I can repeat it, she looks up and at me. 'I'm from here,' she says. 'I'm from London.' Chris Rose

To get more detailed information about the perfect tense, you can watch these videos!

Present Perfect tense | Part 1 - Form

Everyday Grammar: The Present Perfect Tense

Fill in the blanks with the present perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. Arya ______________ his car key. (lose) 2. We ______________. (arrive) 3. Petter ______________ a goal. (score) 4. Sony _____________ in the tent several times. (sleep) 5. It ____________ not ____________ for two months. (rain) 6. Some prisoners ______________ from the prison. (escape) 7. The plane ______________ at the airport. (land) 8. Rocky ______________ a puppet. (make) 9. Dad and I ______________ a big fish. (catch) 10. They ______________ this movie twice. (see)

https://av.voanews.com/Videoroot/Pangeavideo/2021/05/8/85/855b8a33-c404-42a0-b0a5-50233a7ac6d2.mp4

Past Simple questioned remembered reminded removed repaired reported requested rolled rubbed saved said served shopped skied smelled smiled smoked sneezed spelled squeezed stared started stayed stopped studied talked tested thanked tickled tied touched traveled tried typed united used vanished visited waited walked washed wasted watched watered wiped wished wondered worked yawned yelled zipped zoomed

Past Participle questioned remembered reminded removed repaired reported requested rolled rubbed saved said served shopped skied smelled smiled smoked sneezed spelled squeezed stared started stayed stopped studied talked tested thanked tickled tied touched traveled tried typed united used vanished visited waited walked washed wasted watched watered wiped wished wondered worked yawned yelled zipped zoomed

Infinitive question remember remind remove repair report request roll rub save say serve shop ski smell smile smoke sneeze spell squeeze stare start stay stop study talk test thank tickle tie touch travel try type unite use vanish visit wait walk wash waste watch water wipe wish wonder work yawn yell zip zoom

Present (V1 /Base Form) arise be bear beat become befall begin bend beset bet bite bleed blow break bring build burn burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forecast foresee foretell forget

Past Simple (V2) arose was, were bore beat became befell began bent beset bet/betted bit bled blew broke brought built burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost/costed crept cut dealt dug did drew -ed/dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forecast foresaw foretold forgot

Past Participle (Verb 3) arisen been born/borne beaten/beat become befallen begun bent beset bet/betted bitten bled blown broken brought built burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost/costed crept cut dealt dug done drawn -ed/dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forecast foreseen foretold forgotten/forgot

We add an 's (apostrophe + s) to singular nouns and ending -s to plural nouns to show possession.

Now, look at the examples of singular and plural below!

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS | English grammar lesson and exercise

The teacher made the student's card.

Try your understanding about possessive pronouns by doing the exercise below!

The teacher made the students' cards.

However, we use&nbsp;'s&nbsp;with irregular plural&nbsp;nouns. They are men, women, children and people.

Exercise on Pronouns - 04 - English Grammar

Green polka dot pattern

This book studies personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, singular and plural nouns, singular forms of other: another vs the other final -s, -es in plural nouns, basic subject-verb agreement, subject-verb-object, the object of the preposition, the preposition of the time, word order ( place and time), the simple present, simple past, the progressive tense, and the perfect tense. Its aim to get a good understanding of basic English structure, skills of constructing correct English sentences, and have an ability to recognize mistakes in sentences and correct them at the higher education level.

Penerbit Yudha English Galery (Member of Openbook Publisher)

The Subject It can be a person, animal, place, or thing that does the action shown by the verb.

An English sentence has a subject and a verb.

The subject and the object of a verb are a noun.

John arrived. (Subject = John, verb = arrived. 'John' is a proper noun. 'John' is also the subject of this sentence, because John is the person who arrived, so he is the person who did the verb.) Lucy smiled. (Subject = Lucy, verb = smiled. 'Lucy' is also a proper noun, and is also the subject of the sentence, because she is the person who smiled.) Here are a few more examples. The subject is often a pronoun. I love chocolate. (The subject is 'I'.) They went to the cinema. (The subject is 'they'.)

Anna is reading a novel. (noun) (verb) (noun) S V O

The carpenter built a table. (noun) (verb) S V O

The Object It can be a person, animal, place, or thing that receives the action shown by the verb.

Identifying Subject, Verb, and Object in a Sentence

Let's watch this video to get more understanding about Subject, Verb, and Object!

I love chocolate. (The object is 'chocolate'.) David met Lucy yesterday. (The object is 'Lucy'.) I put the orange cat into the garden. (The object is 'the orange cat'.) We saw the man whose house my brother built. (The object is 'the man whose house my brother built'.) The boys threw away the toys that they no longer played with and all the clothes that had become too small. (The object is 'the toys that they no longer played with and all the clothes that had become too small'.)

Introduction Chapter 1 -&nbsp;Personal Pronoun -&nbsp;Possessive noun -&nbsp;Reflexive Pronoun -&nbsp;Demonstrative Pronoun -&nbsp;Singular and Plural - Singular Forms of Other: Another VS The Other

1 4 6 7 8 10

"With languages, you are at home anywhere". -Edmund De Waal-

Chapter 2 -&nbsp;Final -s / -es in Plural Nouns&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - Basic Subject - Verb Agreement - Subject, Verbs, and Object - Object of the Preposition - Preposition of the Time - Word Order (Place and Time)

Chapter 3 -&nbsp;The Simple Tense -&nbsp;The Progressive Tense -&nbsp;The Simple Past -&nbsp;The Perfect Tense

- Example of Regular Verbs - Example of Irregular Verbs - References

Singular Forms of Other: Another VS The Other

Another It means one more out of a group of similar items, one in addition to the one (s) already mentioned. Another is a combination of an + other.

For example: Where are the other keys? These are not working.

The Other It means the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a given number of similar items.

For example: Is there another gas station near here?

A determiner, other does not take the plural form ( no add -s at the end). other keys ( right) others keys (wrong) the other keys (wrong)

When the noun is indefinite (unspecific), use another. another picture ( right) other picture (wrong)

Here are Subject Pronouns&nbsp;and Object Pronouns&nbsp;

If you need more details information about personal pronouns, you can watch the video below!

Subject Pronouns I You we They She He It

Object Pronouns Me You Us Them Her Him It

PERSONAL PRONOUNS | English grammar lesson and exercises

The words me, you, us, them, her, him and it above are also personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and called the object of the verb in a sentence.

After you watched that video, try your understanding of personal pronouns by doing the exercise below!

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns.htm

Personal pronouns - Exercise 1

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabbarakatuh. Alhamdulillah, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan penulisan buku ajar yang berjudul structure 1 ini tepat pada waktunya. Pandemi covid-19 merupakan salah satu momentum bagi pendidikan Indonesia untuk memaksimalkan buku digital. Akan tetapi, buku digital bukan berarti mengganti peran buku cetak melainkan sebagai pelengkap. Buku ini merupakan buku ajar digital yang berbasis multimodal dari hasil produk dari kegiatan Virtual Education Academy yang bekerja sama dengan ILA Indonesia, UNS, Ikatan guru LPDP Indonesia dan Mata Garuda Kalbar yang diselenggerakan pada bulan April sampai dengan Juli 2021 dengan diikuti 2000 peserta dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yaitu guru dan dosen.

Buku ajar digital Structure 1 berbasis multimodal ini merupakan buku interaktif karena pada buku ini terdapat gambar, video, dan grafis. Selain itu, buku digital berbasis multimodal ini juga dilengkapi dengan berbagai latihan terkait materi. Semoga, buku ajar digital Structure 1 berbasis multimodal ini dapat digunakan sebagai panduan ataupun sumber materi dalam meningkatkan kemampuan grammar. Penulis ucapkan terimkasih tak terhingga kepada berbagai pihak yang telah membantu, kepada Bapak Yudha sebagai direktur Virtual Education Academy, Ibu Hilda alumni beasiswa LPDP sebagai ketua panitia pelaksana, Dr. Nur Arifah Drajati, M.Pd dari Universitas Sebelas Maret sebagai narasumber dan Dr. Dewi Suriyani Djamdjuri, M.Pd sebagai mentor penulis. Akhir kata penulis mengucapakan selamat membaca buku ajar digital Structure 1 ini, mudah-mudahan bermanfaat bagi semua pihak. Kritik dan saran yang konstruktif sangat penulis harapkan agar segala kekurangan dapat diperbaiki sebagai penyempurnaan dimasa yang akan mendatang.

The perfect tense is used to talk about one thing that happens before another time or event. Form of The Perfect Tense have / has + V3 (Past Participle)

The past participle of a regular verb usually ends in -ed, just like the simple past tense. But the past participles of irregular verbs don’t follow this rule.

Use the perfect tense to express the duration of the first event.

The present perfect is used to talk about something that happened ( or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. It means that the exact time it happened is not important.

There are two auxiliary verbs that used in this tense. They are “have” and “has”. To form the present perfect tense join have or has to the past participle of the verb: have + past participle has + past participle

The adverbs that always used with this tense: ever, never, already, yet, still, and just.

Here are the examples: Have you ever visited Japan? I have never worked here. She has already watched that movie. Willy hasn't seen it yet.

Penulis : Elis Solihat, M.Pd Editor : Dr. Dewi Suriyani Djamdjuri, M.Pd Perancang Sampul : Elis Solihat, M.Pd Tata Letak : Elis Solihat, M.Pd Pracetak : ..

Penerbit Yudha English Gallery Alamat : Jalan Karangan Blok D no 9 Komplek Untan Pontianak - Kalimantan Barat 78124 Website : www.yudhaenglishgallery.com Email: director@yudhaenglishgallery.com Telp: +6285252141648

(ix +60 halaman, 21 cm x 29 cm) ISBN :&nbsp;978-623-6493-86-1 (EPUB)

Percetakan dan Pemasaran: (tulis nama , email, dan telpon percetakan)

Dilarang keras memfotokopi atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku tanpa seizin tertulis dan penulis atau penerbit. Isi di luar tanggungjawab percetakan.

" Dibuat dalam pelatihan Virtual Education Academy ke 2 dengan tema " Workshop dan Pendampingan Penulisan EBook Berbasis Multimodal Digital Storytelling bagi Guru dan Dosen indonesia"

Exercise Direction: Identify the Subjects, Verbs and Objects. Also identify the preposition (PREP) and the noun that is used as the object of the preposition (O OF PREP).

a.&nbsp;&nbsp;Sarah looked at the pictures b.&nbsp;&nbsp;Anna waited for her friend at a restaurant c.&nbsp;&nbsp;The sun rises in the east. d.&nbsp;&nbsp;Selvy lost her ring in the sand at the beach. e.&nbsp;&nbsp;Astronauts walked on the moon in 1969.

Some prepositions are used to talk about time.

In + the past, the present, the future For example: Please be on time in the future.

In + the morning, the afternoon, the evening I always read a book in the evening.

In + a month, a year, a century, a season I was born in January. I was born in 1992. I was born in the twentieth century The weather is hot in the summer.

On + a date I was born on January 21, 1992. On + a weekday I went to a theatre on Tuesday. On + a weekday morning (s), afternoon(s), evening (s) I have class on Friday morning.

Can you tell me about reflexive pronouns?

A reflexive pronoun is used as a direct object when the subject is the same as the subject of the verb.

Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that are used to replace nouns or noun phrases in a sentence.

SINGULAR myself yourself herself, himself, itself, oneself

PLURAL ourselves yourselves themselves

Demonstrative pronouns always refer to nouns, typically things, places, events, ideas, and animals.

Demonstrative pronouns consist of: This (singular) That (singular) These (plural) Those (plural)

We use this and these when we point to things near us. We use that and those when we point to things farther away.

To get more understanding about reflexive pronouns, you can watch this video!

Reflexive pronouns and intensive pronouns in English

This, that, these, those - Demonstratives | English grammar

Here is the video about demonstrative pronouns.

The form of the progressive tense or present participle: be verb + verb + -ing

Basic form of present continous : (add -ing at the end of the verb) For example: I am reading a book. She is going to college. He is speaking English. The students are learning English in the class.

“am”, “is” and “are” are the auxiliary verbs that used in this tense . Form the present progressive tense like this: am + present participle is + present participle are + present participle&nbsp;

Verb ending in a consonant 'e' , delete 'e' then add '-ing'. e.g : make - making

Verb ending '-ee' or '-o', add '-ing'.No modification. e.g: See - seeing go - going

Verb ending in "-ie", -"ie" is changed into "y". Then, add "-ing". E.g : lie - lying

Use the progressive tense to talk about an action that is in progress during a particular time. It means that things are still going on or happening right now.

Single syllable: double the last consonant then add "-ing". E.g : sit - sitting

It also expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking.

Two syllables, the first syllable stressed: add -ing.No modification. e.g : visit - visiting

Two syllables, the second syllable stressed: double the last consonant, then add -ing.

Word Order: Place and Time

A basic English sentence consist of Subject (S)- Verb (V)- Object (O) – Place (P) -Time (T).

For example: She bought a house in Japan in 2020. S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;T

Time&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PLACE In 2019, Susan moved to Bogor.

S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PLACE&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;TIME Reny went to Jakarta&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yesterday.

" Dibuat dalam pelatihan Virtual Education Academy ke 2 dengan tema " Workshop dan Pendampingan Penulisan EBook Berbasis Multimodal Digital Storytelling bagi Guru dan Dosen indonesia" VEA ( Virtual Education Academy) Tim Peneliti UNS ( Universitas Sebelas Maret) di bawah koordinasi Ibu Dr. Nur Arifah Drajati, M.Pd. ILA ( International Literacy Associaton) Indonesia ICEAR ( Indonesian Community of Educational Action Researchers)

Yes, freedom is good, but arguably grammar is better. -Andy Zaltzman-

Infinitive Act Admire Advise Affect Agree Amaze Answer Appear Arrive Ask Attack Bake Behave Believe Blame Borrow Bother

Past Simple Acted Admired Advised Affected Agreed Amazed Answered Appeared Arrived Asked Attacked Baked Behaved Believed Blamed Borrowed Bothered

Call Cancel Carry Cause Clean Clear Climb

dance delay decide deliver describe develop discover divide dream earn educate employ end enjoy entertain escape explain face fix fold frighten

Past Participle Acted Admired Advised Affected Agreed Amazed Answered Appeared Arrived Asked Attacked Baked Behaved Believed Blamed Borrowed Bothered

Called Canceled Carried Caused Cleaned Cleared Climbed

danced delayed decided delivered described developed discovered divided dreamed earned educated employed ended enjoyed entertained escaped explained faced fixed folded frightened

danced delayed decided delivered described developed discovered divided dreamed earned educated employed ended enjoyed entertained escaped explained faced fixed folded frightened

Infinitive gather glue grab guard guess guide handle happen harm help hug hunt ignore imagine improve increase inform intend invent jog join joke judge jump kick kiss laugh listen live look love manage mark melt miss mix move need nod notice observe obtain offer open owe

Past Simple gathered glued grabbed guarded guessed guided handled happened harmed helped hugged hunted ignored imagined improved increased informed intended invented jogged joined joked judged jumped kicked kissed laughed listened lived looked loved managed marked melted missed mixed moved needed nodded noticed observed obtained offered opened owed

Past Participle gathered glued grabbed guarded guessed guided handled happened harmed helped hugged hunted ignored imagined improved increased informed intended invented jogged joined joked judged jumped kicked kissed laughed listened lived looked loved managed marked melted missed mixed moved needed nodded noticed observed obtained offered opened owed

A pronoun could be a word that takes the place of a common noun or a proper noun.

Personal pronouns can be used as the subject of the verb in a sentence, for example; I, you, we, they, she, he, and it.

Part II Direction: Watch the video about human health affected by climate change. Then, write what did you from that video. Please write it using your own words.

171031_news_review_climate_change_health.mov, BBC Learning English - BBC

.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................

Grammar is one of the language components that is important to communicate and comprehend the meaning. Students will be able to communicate easily and get meaning clearly if they use correct grammatical sentences.&nbsp;They will misunderstand the meaning of communication if they do not have knowledge of it. So, understanding grammar is important for communication.

At the end of this course, students are expected to have acquired: - A good understanding of basic English structure - Skills of constructing correct English sentence - Ability to recognize mistakes in sentences and correct them - Positive attitude to English sentence structure

Here is the syllabus for more details information about the topic.

This course deals with basic English sentences that emphasize personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, singular and plural nouns, singular forms of other: another vs the other final -s, -es in plural nouns, basic subject-verb agreement, subject-verb-object, object of the preposition, the preposition of the time, word order ( place and time), the simple present, simple past, the progressive tense, and the perfect tense.

SYLLABUS.pptx

Elis Solihat is an educator who lives in Bogor, Indonesia. She was born on January 21, in Bogor. She graduated from Pakuan University in 2014 and got a Bachelor's Degree. After graduating, she worked as a teacher in Islamic Center At Taufiq Bogor and LPIA Bogor. Then, in 2018 she got a Master's Degree from Indraprasta PGRI University. After that, she moved to Tangerang and started to teach as one of the lectures in English Education of STKIP Pancakarya. Contact email: elissolihat25@gmail.com Instagram: @ellyz21

Final -S, -ES in Plural Nouns

Basic Subject - Verb Agreement

Pen = a singular noun Pens= a plural noun

The noun plural is added -s or -es at the end.

verb + -s / -es (It's used if the third person singular in the simple present tense)

Two or more subjects connected by and require a plural verb.

Noun + -S = Friends are important. Noun + Es = I like my classes.

Sally and Sassy live in Bogor.

The singular subject or third-person singular pronoun ( she, he, it) is added -s or -es in a simple present verb.

Anna learns = singular The students learn= plural She learns = singular They work = plural

Singular or Plural? Subject-Verb Agreement in English Grammar

To get more information about Subject -Verb Agreement, you can watch this video!

And finally, we come to radical innovation. This is where a completely new idea is created for a market that doesn't exist yet. It's often what we think of when we think of innovation and it often swallows up existing markets. For example, the birth and growth of digital and downloadable music has practically led to the death of music CDs, and even DVDs. Similarly, film and TV streaming services may lead to the demise of traditional TV within a few short years. Moving on from types of innovation, let's have a quick look at five key stages of innovation. The first stage is&nbsp;Idea generation. This is where you think of the initial idea and develop it into a more detailed proposal or plan. The next stage is&nbsp;Support. You need to check if you can get support for it, for example from senior leaders or stakeholders in your company. If you're innovating in your personal life, then the support you might need could be from friends or family. Do they think it's a good idea and do they think it would work? The third step is to&nbsp;Experiment and test&nbsp;out the idea. This could mean creating a sample or a prototype of it, if it's a product. Or if it's a service, you could test out a basic version of it. The fourth step is&nbsp;Evaluation. You need to assess how successful your experiments were and what chances of larger success your idea will have. And finally, you then need to actually&nbsp;Implement&nbsp;your idea. That's the fifth stage. So, there you have it. We've looked at four key types of innovation: incremental, disruptive, architectural and radical, and also five stages of successful innovation: firstly, idea generation. Then, get support. Next, experiment and test out the idea. The fourth stage is evaluation and finally implementation.

Preparation task Match the definitions (a–f) with the vocabulary (1–6). Vocabulary Definition 1. …… demise 2. …… a stakeholder 3. …… to implement 4. …… unconventional 5. …… to stagnate 6. …… a prototype

a. to stop developing or making progress b. different from the usual way of doing something c. the end of something that used to exist d. someone who has a connection to your work and will also benefit from its success e. a first test version of a new product f. to officially start using an idea and making changes connected to it

Are the sentences true or false? 1. This podcast focuses on some of the downsides of innovation. 2. If they do not innovate, businesses will not survive. 3. There are three main types of innovation. 4. Incremental innovation involves a series of small changes. 5. Disruptive innovation involves introducing a change that has an impact on the existing market. 6. Architectural innovation relates to the complete restructuring of the market. 7. Dyson’s move from vacuum cleaners to hairdryers is an example of radical innovation. 8. Radical innovation can lead to the death of existing markets.

Present (V1 /Base Form) spin spit split spread spring stand steal stick sting stink stride strike string strive swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand undertake undo unwind upset wake wear weave wed weep win wind withdraw withhold wring write

Past Simple (V2) spun spat split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank strode struck strung strove swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood undertook undid unwound upset woke wore wove wed/wedded wept won wound withdrew withheld wrung wrote

Past Participle (Verb 3) spun spat split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood undertaken undone unwound upset woken worn woven wed/wedded wept won wound withdrawn withheld wrung written

Azar, Betty Schramfer. (2002). Understanding and Using English Grammar. Third Edition. New Jersey : Pretice Hall, Inc Azar, Betty Schramfer. (1992). Fundamental of English Grammar. New Yersey : Pretice Hall, Inc Carter, R., &amp; Mccarthy, M. (2006).&nbsp;Cambridge grammar of English: a comprehensive guide : spoken and written English grammar and usage. Cambridge [England]:Cambridge University Herring, Peter. (2016). Complete English Grammar Rules. Ottawa: Farlex International Mew,Y.H and Seaton, Anne. (2007). Basic English Grammar for English Language Learners Book 1. US : Saddleback Educational Publishing. Murphy, Raymond. (2019). English grammar in Use. Fifth Edition.(New York: Cambridge University Press. Eastwood, John. (2002). &nbsp;Oxford Guide to English Grammar. 7th Ed. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://eltngl.com/">National Geographic Learning | English Learning Programs and Resources (eltngl.com)</a> https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/advanced-c1/challenges-at-work https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/course/upper-intermediate/unit-1/session-5 https://www.englishclub.com/efl/listening-news/worlds-oldest-living-couple-celebrates-their-80th-anniversary/ https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns.htm

"Only in grammar can you be more perfect".

Present (V1 /Base Form) get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet mislay mislead misspell mistake mow outdo outgrow outshine overcome overhear overpay overrun oversee overshoot oversleep overtake overthrow overwrite partake pay

Past Simple (V2) got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt/-ed knitted/knit knew laid led -ed/leant -ed/leapt -ed/learnt left lent let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid misled -ed/misspelt mistook mowed outdid outgrew outshone overcame overheard overpaid overran oversaw overshot overslept overtook overthrew overwrote partook paid

Past Participle (Verb 3) gotten/got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt/-ed knitted/knit known laid led -ed/leant -ed/leapt -ed/learnt left lent let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid misled -ed/misspelt mistaken mowed/mown outdone outgrown outshone overcome overheard overpaid overrun overseen overshot overslept overtaken overthrown overwritten partaken paid

Present (V1 /Base Form) prepay proofread prove put quit read rebuild repay rethink rewind rewrite rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling slink slit smell sow speak speed spell spend spill

Past Simple (V2) prepaid proofread proved put quit read rebuilt repaid rethought rewound rewrote rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook sheared shed shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung slunk slit -ed/smelt sowed spoke sped/-ed -ed/spelt spent -ed/spilt

Past Participle (Verb 3) prepaid proofread proven put quit read rebuilt repaid rethought rewound rewritten rid ridden rung risen run sawed/sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken sheared/shorn shed shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung slunk slit -ed/smelt sown/sowed spoken sped/-ed -ed/spelt spent -ed/spilt

The present participle is the form of a verb ending with -ing. For example: show + ing = showing &nbsp;come + ing = coming&nbsp;

Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just one syllable. They all end with a consonant such as b, d, g, m, p, t and have only one vowel before the consonant. If a verb ends in -e, you usually have to drop the -e before you add -ing. For example: &nbsp;chase + ing = chasing cycle + ing = cycling drive + ing = driving &nbsp;smile + ing = smiling

You have to double the last letter of some verbs before you add -ing. For example: get + ing = getting &nbsp;rob + ing = robbing nod + ing = nodding stop + ing = stopping &nbsp;jog + ing = jogging &nbsp;swim + ing = swimming&nbsp;

Here is the video about the progressive tense or present continuous tense.

Present Continuous verb | Present progressive verb | English present tense

The simple present is used to talk about habitual actions, general truth, and things that are planned for the future.

The adverb of frequency that used in the simple present: always (100%) usually ( 90% -99%) often ( 75% - 90%) sometimes (25% - 75%) seldom ( 5% - 10%) rarely (1% - 10%) never (0%)

For example: - Rayya enjoys writing a letter. - Alex sometimes buys me a bike. - The earth goes around the sun. - My dad eats three meals a day. - Next week I go to Puncak Bogor.

Present Simple verb tense | Present simple English verb

You can watch this video to get more information about the simple present.

Add -s to the verb for singular subjects ( she , he, it). For example: My dad drives a car every day. Cindy works in an office.

Simple Present Rules: 1. Add -s to most verbs ( make sure the subject is singular) 2. Add -es to verbs ending in -sh, -ch, -s, -x, -z. 3. Change -y to -i and add -es to verbs ending in a consonant + y

Don't put ' to be' in front of another verb in the simple present form. For example : Cindy is works in an office. (wrong)

SIMPLE PRESENT.ppsx

You can click this Powerpoint to get more material about  simple present.

Singular Nouns Use a or an before singular nouns. Use an before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o,­­ u). For example: an apple, an egg, an uncle, an ice cream, an eagle, and etc.

We use singular nouns if we are talking about one person, animal, or thing.

However, some words use a (not an) before these words that begin with u: For example :a university, a uniform

We use plural nouns if we are talking about two or more people, things, places or things. Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end.

Plural Nouns - We add -es to form the plural if the last letters of singular ch, sh, s, ss, or x. For example: fox -foxes , watch-watches, bus-buses, beach-beaches, and etc.

Singular Plural one book two books one street two streets one lamp two lamps

If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the y to i and add -es. If -y is preceded by a vowel, add only -s.

If a noun ends in -fe or -f, change the ending to -ves (Exceptions: beliefs, chief, roof, cuffs, cliffs)&nbsp;

English Grammar Course | Singular and Plural Nouns #2

Here is the video about singular and plural nouns.

The plural form of nouns that end in -o is sometimes -oes and sometimes -os.

II.  Watch the video below and answer the questions!

Essay I.&nbsp;Complete the following sentences with do, does, or did. 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;I always ____________ my homework in my room. 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;Mom and dad usually ____________ the laundry together. 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;You ______________ the same math problems last week. 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;We always _____________ our shopping at the farmers’ market. 5.&nbsp;&nbsp;The children ________________ their work quietly while the teacher looks at their homework. 6.&nbsp;&nbsp;Uncle David ________________ magic tricks when he comes to visit. 7.&nbsp;&nbsp;Last night, Mom _______________her exercise before bedtime. 8.&nbsp;&nbsp;Anna played the piano and Rachel ________________ a lively dance. 9.&nbsp;&nbsp;Kamal always _________________well in math tests. 10. If John __________________ the cooking. Will you ____________the dishes?

https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/course/upper-intermediate/unit-1/session-5

BBC Learning English: The White Elephant, BBC Learning English - BBC

1. How many customers had visited The White Elephant before the one in this episode?

2. Why doesn't Gordon want to cook egg and chips?

Simple Present Vs. Present Progressive Direction : Identify the verbs in bolds. Is the activity of the verb a.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a daily or usual habit (Simple Present) or b.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;happening right now (Present Progressive)

It’s 7.30 A.M., and the Wilsons are in their kitchen. Mrs. Wilson is sitting at the breakfast table. She is reading a newspaper. She reads the newspaper every morning. Mr. Wilson is pouring a cup of coffee. He drinks two cups of coffee every morning before he goes to work. There is a cartoon on TV, but the children aren’t watching it. They are playing with their toys instead. They usually watch cartoons in the morning, but this morning they aren’t paying any attention to the TV. Mr. and Mrs. Willson aren’t watching TV either. They often watch the news in the evening, but they don’t watch cartoons.

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

Simple past is used to express finished or completed actions or things that happened in the past.

Double the last letter of some verbs before adding -ed. For example: fan + ed = fanned pat + ed = patted grab + ed = grabbed &nbsp;rip + ed = ripped nod + ed = nodded slam + ed = slammed

The basic form of simple past: -Add “-ed” to the verb. These verbs are called regular verb. For example: Base Form&nbsp; Simple Past &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Play&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;played &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Walk&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;walked &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Talk&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talked &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Open&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;opened &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Happened&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;happened &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pull&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pulled &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Visit&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited

Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just one syllable. &nbsp;They all end with a consonant such as b, d, m, n, p, t, and have only a single vowel before the consonant.

If the verb&nbsp;ends with -e, just add -d. For example: agree + d = agreed hate + d = hated die + d = died &nbsp;live + d = lived save + d= saved