SHARING CULTURAL TREASURES - NOBEL PRIZES

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize was established by Swedish inventor and millionaire Alfred Nobel. It all started when he registered, in his will, his wish that an award be established to honor the great contributions made in the categories he nominated.

Was born in Istanbul, 7th of June in 1952, is now 69 years old.&nbsp; Is a novelist, screenwriter and the Professor of Comparative Literature and Writing in Columbia University.&nbsp; Received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006.&nbsp; Wrote a book describing the differences in Turkish society between the East and the West. In 2005, after Pamuk made a statement regarding the Armenian &nbsp;genocide, a criminal case was opened against the author based on&nbsp; a complaint. The charges were dropped in January 2006. Later,&nbsp; his books were burnt in a nationalist rally. He has also won several other prizes for his writing.

He left almost the entirety of his inheritance for the prize to be created. The prizes began to be distributed on December 10, 1901, five years after the founder's death. Until 1969, there were five awards, and they were awarded by four institutions (three Swedish and one Norwegian)

Martti Ahtisaari was born in 23 july of 1937 in Viipuri. He studied at the university of oulu in 1959 and Oulun Lyseon lukio from 1952 to 1956.Ahtisaari was a major contributor when Namibia achieved independence in 1989 and 1990. Ahtisaari was also a president in finland.

On 10 october 2008, Martti Ahtisaari received the Nobel Peace Prize, after the Felix-Houphouet-Boigny Prize for Peace Research awarded by UNESCO on 2 october. He also won the Fullbright Prize and the Order of the Star of Romania.

Ragnar Granit was born in 30 Octuber 1900 Riihimäki, Finland in the time of the Russian Empire, he was a Swedish and Finnish Scientist he studied at the University of Helsinki and he graduated in 1927.

In 1960, Granit was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).In 1967 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Granit said that he was a "fifty-fifty" Finnish and Swedish Nobel laureate.

In 1941, Granit received Swedish citizenship, which made it possible for him to live and continue with his work without having to worry about the Continuation War. Granit was proud of his Finnish-Swedish roots and remained a patriotic Finnish-Swede throughout his life, maintaining homes in both in Finland and Sweden after the Moscow Armistice ended the Continuation War 

Egas Moniz- Nobel Prize in Medicine

Egas Moniz, born in November 29th 1874 , was a doctor neurologist. To feel good mentally, the nerve impulses in the brain need to function properly. In the mid-1930s, Egas Moniz introduced lobotomy, a surgical operation involving an incision in the prefrontal lobe to mitigate severe symptoms of serious mental illness. The operation was widespread during the 1940s and 1950s, but it became apparent that it could lead to serious personality changes.

Rita Levi - Montalcini Rita Levi-Montalcini was an Italian Nobel laureate, honored for her work in neurobiology. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF). From 2001 until her death, she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life. This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions. On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100, and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.

Severo Ochoa was born September 24 in 1905, Luarca, Spain. His parents were Severo Manuel Ochoa and Carmen de Albornoz. His father died when he was only seven and Ochoa and his mother moved to Malaga. In Malaga he attended elementary school through high school. He went to University of Madrid medical school. He then spent two years studying the biochemistry and physiology of muscle under the German biochemist Otto Meyerhof at the University of Heidelberg.&nbsp; He became a biochemist and molecular biologist.&nbsp; He died November 1, 1993, Madrid&nbsp;

José Saramago - Nobel Prize in Literature&nbsp;

José Saramago, born in November 16th 1922, was a Portuguese writer and recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature. Saramago frequently makes use of allegory in his writing, and fanciful elements are interspersed with a detailed and critical look at society. A characteristic of Saramago’s style is the blending of dialog and narration, with sparse punctuation and long sentences that can extend for several pages.

Spanish writer, Camilo José Cela was born on May 11, 1916, in Ira Flavia, A Coruña, and died on January 17, 2002, in Madrid. He graduated in Law from the University of Madrid and became a member of the Royal Academy of Language. Being the son of a Spanish father and an English mother allowed him to have a broader view of European life. A tireless traveler and producer of a vast work, he revealed himself to the world as a writer of singular originality, immediately highlighting his attentive vision of a Spanish reality that he describes and analyzes like few others. His major work is part of the so-called Post-War Literature and Picaresque Literature.

Anatole France

Anatole France was born 16 April 1844,died in 12 October 1924, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, France he was awarded the nobel prize for literature in 1921 for recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament."

The award is the responsibility of the Nobel Foundation, and the winners of each category receive a diploma, a gold medal of 18 carats and an amount of 8 million Swedish kronor (approximately 800 thousand dollars).

We picked Marie Curie, because she's only woman who won two nobel prizes in two different categories. In 1903 she won physics nobel prize with her husband. In 1911 she also won chemistry prize. She won the nobel prize, because she found two new&nbsp;elements polonium and radium. She was the first to isolate pure radium. Marie was born in Poland and she moved to France when she went in college.&nbsp; Her husband Frederic Joliot-Curie and daughter Irene Curie were also scientists.

Giorgio Parisi Giorgio Parisi, (born August 4, 1948, Rome, Italy), Italian physicist who was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on spin glasses, which proved widely applicable in the study of complex systems. He shared the prize with Japanese American meteorologist Syukuro Manabe and German oceanographer Klaus Hasselmann. Parisi graduated from the University of Rome with a degree in physics in 1970, and from 1971 to 1981 he was a researcher at the National Laboratory of Frascati. He became a professor at the University of Rome in 1981.

Nobel stipulated five areas for which prizes would be awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. The proposal was received with astonishment by his family members, who tried to prevent the realization of his posthumous wish, but failed.

The Nobel Prize is one of the world's main awards for recognition of people who develop work, actions and research for the benefit of humanity. The award ceremony is held annually, on December 10, in Stockholm (Sweden) and Oslo (Norway).

Tawakkol Abdel-Salam Khalid Karman Was born in 7 February 1979 (age 43) in&nbsp; Shara'b As Salam, Taiz Governorate, then North Yemen. She was awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Ellen John Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee, in recognition of her leadership in non-violent struggle and her advocacy against authoritarianism, corruption, and oppression. Karman is the first Arab woman and the second Muslim woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. and at the time was the youngest recipient at 32. Tawakkol Karman is a human rights activist, journalist and politician. Known as the “mother of the revolution”, “the iron woman” and “the lady of the Arab Spring,” Karman played a key role in the 2011 pro-democracy youth uprising in Yemen.&nbsp;

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