The Industrial Revolution and the exploitation of children

"A little black thing among the snow, crying 'weep! weep!' in notes of woe!"

"They clothed me in the clothes of death, and taught me to sing the notes of woe."

Children also worked as errand boys,&nbsp;crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods.&nbsp;Some children undertook work as&nbsp;apprentices&nbsp;to respectable trades, such as building or as&nbsp;domestic servants. Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80-hour weeks.

How the Industrial Revolution changed people's life

-The beauty of the morning: silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky-

-How the Chimney-sweeper's cry Every black'ning Church appalls, And the hapless Soldier's sigh Runs in blood down Palace walls-

-an extract from "Composed upon Westminster Bridge" (1802)

-an extract from "London" (1794)

......and nowadays, are children exploited? 

In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in the glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass. When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cuts, and burns. Productive work for hours without a break. Since they were constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

"From the moment he arrived we knew that Iqbal was different. When he escaped and came back with the police to free us all, our master was shocked. He must have thought that Iqbal was just another helpless child. But he wasn't."

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Lavoro eseguito dalla classe 5^Gsa e dalla classe 5^D

William Blake, a famous Romantic poet, addressed two of his famous poems to the Chimmney sweepers. In his poems there is a critic about the corruption of his time. The Children, also called Chimney Sweepers by Blake, were sold by their parents to the masters and they began to work when they were 6 or 7 years old, but sometimes also 4 or 5. They climbed up a chimney to clean it and they often risked to be trapped and suffocated, especially when the fire was still burning.

Iqbal Masih, 12-years old campaigner against child labour in Pakistan, became a slave at the age of 4 and worked in a carpet factory for 6 years before he managed to escape. After this he contacted Bonded Labor Liberation Front, a Pakistan NGO and helped to free a lot of children himself. He sneaked into factories, took photos and collected evidence for the police, who later arrested the owners and freed the slave workers. He was shot two years after his escape.

Children weren't paid but simply fed and were given dormitory accomodation. Their working conditions were very ugly and dangerous also for their life, sometimes also because they were too little to work in a factory.

The Industrial Revolution was obviously a positive aspect in the English history, thanks to a lot of innovations, trasformation of the cities, but it also hidden negative aspects such as the exploitation of children. The exploitation of children is one of the most horrible feature that has characterized many eras, but it is still practiced nowadays in the poorest parts of the world, especially in Asia, Africa and South America. Although there were made a lot of acts and laws to abolish child labour and to give rights to children (such as UNCRC), we think that politicians around the world should pay more attention to the issues connected with children (education, labour...).

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"Two faces of the same coin"

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The industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th Century, due, in part, to an increase in food production. A large workforce was created because factory and mine owners could exploit.

Mushroom towns were expecially inhabited by workers. The houses were all built near each other and there were low living conditions and also, because of long and hard working hours, people usually got drunk, so the life expectation was really low.

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Improvements in the selective breeding of cattle

Crop rotation Open field and common land

The Industrial Revolution...the exploitation of children

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Are you sure to know everything about "Industrial Revolution"?

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A Power Loom was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785. It was a mechanized loom, a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The main components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses, shuttle, reed and takeup roll.

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During the first Industrial Revolution there were important developments in textile, metallurgic and energetic area. There was the creation of steam engine and steel began to be used instead of iron. At the beginning of the 19th Century there were other important inventions:

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"The Chimney Sweeper" from Songs of Innocence When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry " 'weep! 'weep! 'weep! 'weep!" So your chimneys I sweep &amp; in soot I sleep. There's little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curled like a lamb's back, was shaved, so I said, "Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head's bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair." And so he was quiet, &amp; that very night, As Tom was a-sleeping he had such a sight! That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned, &amp; Jack, Were all of them locked up in coffins of black; And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he opened the coffins &amp; set them all free; Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run, And wash in a river and shine in the Sun. Then naked &amp; white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind. And the Angel told Tom, if he'd be a good boy, He'd have God for his father &amp; never want joy. And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark And got with our bags &amp; our brushes to work. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy &amp; warm; So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm.

Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. It was a multiple-spindle spinning frame, but it wasn't very strong, in fact Richard Arkwright who invented the water-powered water frame.

Steam Engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as working fluid. It used to powered the factories, replaced sail for ship and work on the railways.

The water frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water wheel. Richard Arkwright, who patented the technology in 1769, designed a model for the production of cotton thread.

Child labour was a crucial problem in fact it characterized Britain during the Industrial Revolution and in the 19th century. A lot of parents sold their children to Factory owners. The Factory owners wanted cheap, malleable and fast-learning work forces.

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