INTEGRATION ACTIVITY

- Bhattacharjee, Y. (2022, 16 septiembre). What are animals thinking? They feel empathy, grieve, seek joy just like us. Magazine. Recuperado 22 de septiembre de 2022, de https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/what-are-animals-thinking-feature - Resources, F. (2014, 2 septiembre). Expository Text: Just the Basics. YouTube. Recuperado 22 de septiembre de 2022, de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50GwjMXhSjU&amp;feature=youtu.be - undefined [englishfuntime]. (2011, 8 marzo). Basic Sentence Structure. YouTube. Recuperado 22 de septiembre de 2022, de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F03w-vOV-xw

Navy zig-zag pattern

This emerging picture of sentience, of rich inner lives, among surprisingly varied nonhuman species represents something of a Copernican revolution in how we view other beings on our planet. Until about three decades ago, the minds of animals were not considered a topic worthy of scientific inquiry. “And animal emotions—well, that was for romantics,” recalls Frans de Waal, an Emory University ethologist who has spent a lifetime studying primate behavior. De Waal was one of the earliest voices advocating for the recognition of animal consciousness. Starting a couple of decades ago, he says, scientists began to concede that certain species were sentient but argued that their experiences were not comparable to ours, and thus not significant.&nbsp; Now some behaviorists are becoming convinced that “the inner processes of many animals are as complex as those of humans,” de Waal says. “The difference is that we can express them in language; we can talk about our feelings.” This new understanding, if it becomes widely accepted, could spark a complete rethinking of how humans relate to and treat other species. “If you recognize emotions in animals, including the sentience of insects, then they become morally relevant,” de Waal says. “They are not the same as rocks. They are sentient beings.”&nbsp; The scientific quest to understand the inner lives of animals, however, is still a relatively nascent enterprise. It’s also controversial. In the view of some scientists, knowing the mind of another species is next to impossible. “Attributing subjective feelings to an animal by looking at its behavior is not science—it’s just guessing,” says David J. Anderson, a neurobiologist at the California Institute of Technology who studies emotion-linked behaviors in mice, fruit flies, and jellyfish. Researchers investigating emotions such as grief and empathy in nonhumans must fend off the charge that they could be anthropomorphizing their subjects.&nbsp; The way to get closer to the truth is to test inferences made from animal behavior, says David Scheel, a marine biologist at Alaska Pacific University who studies octopuses. “If you look anecdotally through the ages, the notion that dogs are tightly bonded to specific individuals is very clear. But they are domesticated. Can a fox do the same thing? Does a wolf have that emotional range? Does an orca feel that level of attachment to the members of its own pod? Can a dolphin become friends with a group of fish or a scuba diver? Our intuitions lead us astray here all the time. You will get people whose intuition is,&nbsp;That’s fake. Whatever it is, that’s not friendship,&nbsp;and other people who think,&nbsp;Well, that’s just silly. You are denying animals their inner lives.” If anthropomorphizing is an assault on scientific thinking, I stand guilty of indulging in it. I take delight in watching videos that show animals displaying behaviors suggesting a range of emotions we identify with. A water buffalo in a zoo enclosure working hard to flip over a turtle that’s flailing on its back, then acknowledging cheers from onlookers with what sure looks like a self-satisfied air. A panda sledding down a snow-covered hill, then trudging up to do it again. A monkey on the edge of a canal peeling a banana and gaping with dismay when it plops into the water. I show these videos to my wife all the time, a foolish grin plastered on my face. The idea that life all around us could be pulsating with emotion gives me a happy feeling.&nbsp;

Parts of speech tell us how a word is used in a sentence.

• Examples: easily, speedily, specifically.

EXAMPLE: COMPARE AND CONTRAST, TEXT STRUCTURE

The basic structure of sentence in English contains subject, verb and complement, the subject is the person or thing that does something, the verb is an action and the object is the person or thing that receives the verb; is required word order: subject + verb + complement.

What are animals thinking? They feel empathy, grieve, seek joy just like us.

BY YUDHIJIT BHATTACHARJEE. PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 15, 2022. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.

I have lived&nbsp;for eight years now with my dog, Charlie—a bloodhound who’s embarrassingly bad at tracking scents. He greets me jubilantly every time I come home, even if it’s from a quick grocery run. I can hear his tail go&nbsp;thump-thump-thump&nbsp;on the floor in the next room when I laugh; he echoes my mirth even when he can’t see me.&nbsp; Yet, despite sharing this bond, I often sit down next to him on the couch, give him a hug, and ask my wife, “Do you think he loves me?” “Yes, yes!” she replies, with only slight exasperation, which is charitable because I ask so often.&nbsp; This routine is almost like a ritual in our household. I wonder if Charlie has any thoughts about it. Looking at him sunning himself on our front porch makes me think about a deeper question: How much do animal minds resemble ours? Do other species have thoughts and feelings and memories the way we do?&nbsp; As humans, we still think of ourselves as exceptional beings, fundamentally different from other animals. Over the past half century, though, scientists have amassed evidence of intelligence in many nonhuman species.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/new-caledonian-crows-plan-ahead-with-tools">New Caledonian crows</a>&nbsp;snip twigs to fish insect larvae from tree trunks.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/octopus-anatomy-cephalopod-disguise-evolution">Octopuses</a>&nbsp;solve puzzles and shield their dens by placing rocks at the entrance. We no longer doubt that many animals possess impressive cognitive abilities. But are they more than just sophisticated automatons, occupied solely with survival and procreation? A growing number of behavioral studies, combined with anecdotal observations in the wild—such as an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/orca-mourning-calf-killer-whale-northwest-news">orca pushing her dead calf around for weeks</a>—are revealing that many species have much more in common with humans than previously thought.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/elephants-mourning-video-animal-grief">Elephants grieve.</a>&nbsp;Dolphins play for the fun of it. Cuttlefish have distinct personalities. Ravens seem to respond to the emotional states of other ravens. Many primates form strong friendships. In some species, such as elephants and orcas, the elders share knowledge gained from experience with the younger ones. Several others,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/rats-empathy-brains-harm-aversion">including rats</a>, are capable of acts of empathy and kindness. (<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/the-hidden-world-of-whale-culture-feature">Learn more about the hidden world of whale culture.</a>)

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Escuela Nacional Preparatoria N° 2 "Erasmo Castellanos Quinto"

By Avila Barba Erick Yahir Pelayo Santiago Carlos Alberto

The main purpose of expository text is to inform or describe. Authors who write expository texts research the topic to gain information. The information is organized in a logical and interesting manner using various expository text structures.

<a href="https://es.educaplay.com/recursos-educativos/12971744-parts_of_speech.html">https://es.educaplay.com/recursos-educativos/12971744-parts_of_speech.html</a>

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