The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

"Si è ciò che si guarda" - Third year students look at the March on Washington from different points of view

San Giorgio - Scuola sec. di 1° grado

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On August 28, 2020, on the 57th anniversary of the historic March on Washington, where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech, the families of Black Americans shot or killed by police officers spoke at the same site the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. The families of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Eric Garner and Jacob Blake joined Reverend Al Sharpton and Martin Luther King III at the Commitment March.

Also a Virtual March on Washington has been organized and thousands of people have&nbsp;virtually&nbsp;marched on Washington to restore and recommit to the dream.&nbsp;

The organizers enforced a strict health rules for the march due to the Covid-19 pandemic: 1) Face masks were required for all participants 2) Everyone have to follow safe social distancing practices&nbsp; 3) The organizers prohibited participants from the list of high-risk areas indicated by District of Columbia's Health website. March registrants who lived in those areas have been encouraged to stay home and to watch the march on the National Action Network live stream 4) The media are required to provide their own sanitation and Personal Protection &amp; Equipments 5) Hand sanitizer, masks, and gloves were available onsite for march participants, speakers and staff 6) All attendees have been their temperatures checked before entering the event. 7) Volunteers and marshals were present to enforce social distancing guidelines.

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/march-on-washington-dc-mlk-racial-equality-watch-live-stream-today-2020-08-28/ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/commitment-march-to-washington-2020-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-historic-event/ar-BB18k7S0 https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/8/28/21406250/thousands-gather-at-march-on-washington-commemorations https://www.naacp.org/marchonwashington/

&nbsp;John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He left a lasting impression on the face of America politics. With previous political experiences as a U.S: Representative and Senator, Kennedy is regarded as one president in a million. He was not just a modern American hero; he was a global reformer. 

Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders, led thousands of people to organize protests, sit-ins, boycotts, and other actions to make it known that they were not willing to accept unfair treatment any longer. In an effort to galvanize the movement, leaders from difference civil rights organizations joined forces to plan a massive peaceful protest that would take place on August 28, 1963, in the nation’s capital. In response to mass arrests of protesters and increasing violence, President Kennedy took a strong stand in support of equal rights. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy spoke to the nation, laying out his position on civil rights. He passionately articulated why segregation was morally wrong and advocated for a civil rights act that would make segregation illegal.

The struggle for equal rights began many decades before John F. Kennedy became President. When he took office, public places in the South such as playgrounds, amusement parks, and stores had signs that said “white only.” There were movie theaters, bus stations, and restaurants that had separate sections for black people. The facilities for white people were often newer and nicely kept while the facilities for black people were not well maintained. Local and state government officials enforced segregation. Before and during Kennedy’s presidency, a growing number of people, wanted to end segregation and used civil disobedience and non-violent actions to challenge discrimination.

- At age of 47 he became the 35th President of the United States - He wanted to implement a strategy of peace: peaceful coexistence white the URSS, negotiations for the atomic disarmament, defense of rights for black people -his refrain was “the new frontier” - He was murdered on Friday, November 22 of 1963

In 1963, in the wake of violent attacks on civil rights demonstrators in Birmingham,&nbsp;Alabama, momentum built for a mass protest on the nation’s capital. President&nbsp;John F. Kennedy&nbsp;met with civil rights leaders before the march, voicing his fears that the event would end in violence. Kennedy told the organizers that the march was perhaps “ill-timed,” as “We want success in the Congress, not just a big show at the Capitol.”

Religion

The Civil Rights Movement emerged from churches and was guided by church leaders, so it was natural that these people then became important leaders in the movement. Secondly, everyone recognized that these clergy had the power of language and could move people with the word. At the March, a Catholic archbishop, a Jewish rabbi and a Baptist minister offered prayers. And among the nine speakers were four religious leaders who exhorted the crowd to recognize their sins, repent and join the cause that would make them and their brothers and sisters free.

Patrick O’Boyle, archbishop: “… Bless this nation and all its people. May the warmth of Your love replace the coldness that springs from prejudice and bitterness. Send in our midst the Holy Spirit to open the eyes of all to the great truth that all men are equal in Your sight. Let us understand that simple justice demands that the rights of all be honored by every man…”

Uri Miller, Jewish rabbi: “Our fathers’ God, God of the spirits of all flesh, we invoke Thy blessing upon this assemblage of citizens who have gathered here to demonstrate for freedom, bread, and the dignity of men…”

<a href="http://www.joachimprinz.com/images/mow.mp3">Listen to Rabbi Joachim Prinz</a> , orator at the March

Benjamin Mays, Baptist minister: “God of history and of all mankind. God of Abraham and Moses, Amos and Isaiah, Jesus and Paul. God of our weary years, God of our silent tears pour thy benediction upon the United States of America…”

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The birth and rise of the United States showed great examples of justice and democracy and disgraceful times of oppression and discrimination. We learnt together about the history of black people in the U.S., up to the day when 250,000 people marched to the capital to demand "Jobs and Freedom". This book was created to explore that memorable day.

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Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States. He was a moderate Democrat and vigorous leader in the United States Senate. Johnson was elected vice president in 1960 and became president in 1963 after the assassination of President Kennedy.

Johnson wanted his presidency to be the beginning of a new way of life for America. He called it the Great Society, where everyone was treated equally and had equal opportunity. Johnson introduced the Civil Rights Act, a law that made racial discrimination, including segregation in schools, illegal. Johnson signed an act to give African Americans the possibility to vote, continuing Kennedy's work in giving them freedom. Johnson was able to convince politicians to support some of the same policies which they opposed under Kennedy.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lyndon-B-Johnson

The Youngest Speaker: John Lewis

John Lewis was&nbsp;born in Troy, Alabama, on 21 February 1940 and he studied in Tennessee. His struggles against racial discrimination (with historical marches and speeches, but also autobiographies like March) made him one of the leaders of the African-American civil rights movement.

In 1986 he decided to compete again and he was elected to the House of Representatives. Since then he was always re-elected with high percentages.

In 1963, when he was just 23, he was one of the Big Six who organized the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

On December 29, 2019, he announced that he had cancer and he died on on July 17, 2020 at the age of eighty.

In 1977 he entered politics with the Democratic Party, but lost. After that, Lewis accepted a post in Jimmy Carter's presidential administration and was elected to the Atlanta City Council in 1981. 

The political and moral weight of John Lewis, after his death, has acquired more and more vigor through constant action and has confirmed itself as decisive in recent months. John Lewis always said that "hatred is too heavy a burden to carry", which is why he always preferred to respond using his weapons: courage, hope, tension towards truth and justice.

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Reuther was born on 1 September 1907, in Wheeling, West Virginia, one of four sons of labor official Valentine Reuther and his wife, Anna. At age 15 Reuther went to work at the Wheeling Steel Corporation, serving as an apprentice tool and die maker. In 1927 he went

to Detroit, and by 1931 he was a foreman supervising 40 other tool and die workers at the Ford Motor Company. During these years he completed his high school education and attended Wayne State University for three years. Reuther was elected national UAW president in 1946, a position he held until his death. That year, he also became vice president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), ascended to that body’s presidency in 1952, and was at the forefront of the effort to merge the CIO with the American Federation of Labor, forming the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) in 1955. With the amalgamation of the two bodies, Reuther became an AFL-CIO vice president and also served as president of its Industrial Union Department. His tenure in these positions ended when the UAW withdrew from the AFL-CIO in 1968. Reuther during the speech said: "For 100 years, the Negro people searched for first-class

citizenship. I believe that they cannot and should not wait until some distant tomorrow. They should command freedom now, here and now. It is the responsibility of every American to share the impatience of the Negro Americans. And we need to join together, to march together, and to work together until we have bridged the mortal gap between American democracy's noble promises, and its ugly practices in the field of civil rights. American democracy has been too long on pious platitudes, and too short on practical performances in this important area. Now one of those problems is what I call hypocrisy Americans. To me, the civil rights fight is a moral fight, which transcends partisan politics, and this rally today should be the first step in a total effort to mobilize the moral conscience of America, and to ask the people in congress of both parties to rise above the partisan differences, and enact civil rights legislation now. I am for civil rights, as a matter of human decency, as a matter of common morality. But I am also for civil rights because I believe that freedom is an indivisible value that no one can be free unto himself."

<a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/reuther-walter-philip">Reuther and MLK</a>

<a href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_61594D6876B94563A6C39509813F600A">Reuther's speech</a>

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Christian priest and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King is known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. Dr. King was the priest of Montgomery at the time of the bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he helped organize the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King helped organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches.&nbsp;

He was assassinated in Memphis. King was fatally shot by James Earl Ray at 6:01 p.m., April 4, 1968, when he was on the balcony of a motel. His friend heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the deck.&nbsp;His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities. King was awarded with the the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal after his death. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington was rededicated for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.

Sitography: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.</a>

<a href="https://youtu.be/duvoETGVvYU">https://youtu.be/duvoETGVvYU</a>

This first image represents the March of Washington; they marched to protest against racism, in fact in the billboards and banners you can see that black people need work and that they could not live in those bad conditions. To accompany and support them there were many other people (even non-colored) who walked the streets of Washington, raising the billboards

with this link you can listen to some songs of that period, while people walked on the street waving banners and singing these songs of revolt (or even while a person was talking to the people)

this is Martin Luther King, in front of all the people who listened to him, he was the last to speak and the best

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Ruby Dee was born on October 27th in 1922. She was an American actress known for the title role in&nbsp;the critically acclaimed film Raisin in the Sun American Gangster. The actress worked closely with civil rights organizations like the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). She died on June 11th 2014 at the age of 91 years old.

<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Dee">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Dee</a>

Robert Allen Zimmerman who is famously known as Bob Dylan is an American singer-songwriter. He has been a major figure in popular culture for more than 50 years! In 1963 he was prominent in the civil rights movement, in which he sang "The Times They Are A-Changing", "When The Ships Come In" and "Only A Pawn In Their Game". He's still alive and he is 79 years old.

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan</a>

Celebrities at the 1963 March on Washington

Jackie Robinson, born on January 31st in 1919 was an American baseball player. He became the first African American to play in the Major League Baseball (MLB) and the first to break the baseball colour barrier. During his 10-year MLB career, Robinson won Rookie of the Year Award, he was "all star" for six consecutive seasons and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award. He died on October 24th, 1972 at 53 years old.

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson</a>

p. 6 The Programme p. 8 The Lincoln Memorial by Mattia p.10 The Washington Monument by Federico Ba. p.12 The Reflecting Pool by Matteo G. p.14 The White House by Gabriel p.16 A. Philip Randolph by Lorenzo p.18 The Youngest Speaker: J. Lewis by Giovanni p.20 Walter Reuther by Nicoletta p.22 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. by Federico E. p.24 "I have a dream" by Daniele p.26 The People at the March by Adam p.28 The slogans by Martina p.30 Was the March peaceful? by Federico Ba. p.32 Music at the March by Giorgia p.34 Celebrities at the March by Beatrice p.36 Religion by Elisa p.38 Media Coverage by Pietro Pe. p.40 Malcolm X by Matteo B. p.42 John Fitzgerald Kennedy by Lia p.44 Lyndon B. Johnson by Matteo DG p.46 The Civil Rights Act by Ester p.48 The Voting Rights Act by Ludmilla p.50 Still Marching in 2020 by Pietro Pi.

This March was a political rally to support civil rights for African Americans. It took place on 28 August, 1963 in Washington, D.C. On this occasion, the leader Martin Luther King, Jr., at the Lincoln Memorial delivered his historical speech “I have a dream”, calling for the end to racism and peace between whites and blacks.

More than 2,000 buses, 21 trains, 10 planes and lots of cars converged on Washington. The March began at the Washington Monument and was expected to progress to the Lincoln Memorial with a series of speeches alternating with music. Girls leaders were told to march on Independence Avenue, boys leaders would march to Pennsylvania Avenue. The March also attracted TV reporters, in spite of concerns that “it would impossibile to get some blacks into Washington without incidents and possibly riots”. Among the 250,000 people there were many students and "Black Power"organisations which emphasized&nbsp;the importance of the African&nbsp;Americans' effort to gain freedom.&nbsp;Many leaders of black political parties also took part in the March.

Parchment

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a&nbsp;dream&nbsp;today! I have a dream that one day,&nbsp;down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a&nbsp;dream&nbsp;today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together." This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

"I Have a Dream", this speech by Dr King Jr was the last at the Washington March, because his speeches were the best ones, and the other speakers were ashamed to speak after him. This march took place in front of Abraham Lincoln memorial statue. Dr King was on American TV and radio and he was the most popular anti-segregation leader. This speech was to incite all people that were there, Black or White, Catholic or Protestant, Christian or Muslim to fight and put an end to all race discrimination. Dr King did not just want to stop segregation, he also dreamed of black and white children playing together, judged not by the color of their skin but for their character. Dr King was a black man who said that the white race is not better than the black race and that the black race is not better than the white race either. Saying things like that, at that time, meant persecution. King had the courage to speak, in front of the world, words that put a flame in the Americans' hearts.

<a href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ mlkihaveadream.htm">Martin Luther King Speech (News)</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP4iY1TtS3s">Martin Luther King Speech (Video)</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fR-PReWhMGM">My Favourite MLK Speech Part (Video)</a>

The&nbsp;Washington Monument is an obelisk&nbsp;in the middle of the National Mall in&nbsp;Washington D.C. It was built to commemorate&nbsp;George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the&nbsp;Continental Army&nbsp;(1775–1784) in the&nbsp;American Revolutionary War and the first&nbsp;President of the United States (1789–1797).

The original design was by Robert Mills (1781–1855) of&nbsp;South Carolina, but he did not include his proposed&nbsp;colonnade&nbsp;due to a lack of funds. He wanted to include a statue of George Washington too but there wasn’t any money. The Washington&nbsp;Monument was the tallest building in the world upon its completion in 1884.

Time for building: 1848-1884 with a break of 23 years (1854-1877) Height: 169 m Material: marble Location: Washington D.C.

Sitography: <a href="http://en.Wikipedia.org">en.Wikipedia.org</a>, <a href="http://www.non.gov">www.nps.gov</a>

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August 28, 1963, was a day of speeches, songs, prayers, and protest on the National Mall. Organized by civil rights activists and supported by labor unions and religious organizations, an estimated 250,000 people gathered together to petition for racial equality. This programme lists the speakers and order of events at the Lincoln Memorial on that historic day.

Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke last because he was the best speaker and nobody wanted to be right after him.

A. Philip Randolph was a labor leader and social activist. During World War I, Randolph tried to unionize African American shipyard workers and elevator operators, and co-launched a magazine designed to encourage demand for higher wages. He later founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, which by 1937 would become the first official African American labor union. In the 1940s, Randolph's abilities as an organizer had grown to such lengths that he became the driving force in ending racial discrimination in government defense factories and desegregating the armed forces, both done via presidential decree. Becoming involved in additional civil rights work, he was a principal organizer of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

In 1913, Randolph married an intellectual Howard University graduate and beauty shop&nbsp;entrepreneur&nbsp;named Lucille Green, and shortly&nbsp;thereafter organized a drama society in Harlem known as Ye Friends of Shakespeare. He would play several roles in subsequent productions by the group. In 1917, during World War I, Randolph and Owen founded a political magazine,&nbsp;The Messenger.&nbsp;

Randolph died in his bed at his New York City home on May 16, 1979, at age 90. He was cremated,

A. Philip Randolph was born Asa Philip Randolph on April 15, 1889, in Crescent City, Florida.

The White House The White House is a very big house. The Presidents live in this house for about 4 years until they finish their political office. George Washington (the First President) selected the site for the White House. The cornerstone was placed in 1792. The name of the architect was Mr. James Hoban. President John Adams was the first President who moved into the unfinished building. The White House was burned down in 1814 by English troops during the War of 1812 and afterwards rebuilt by the same architect. President James Monroe moved into the building in 1817. The White House has 132 rooms including one of the most important room: the so-called Oval Office Study. President Theodore Roosevelt gave the name to the House in 1901.

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President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965

The act gave federal law enforcement agencies the power to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities.

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MEDIA COVERAGE

During the Washington march, people who could not be present could follow it live on television. People without a television could still listen to it on the radio. TV made visible what the black press had been saying for years. TV and radio gave a face and a voice to the people in the crowd In 1963, 91 percent of American households had a television, according to Nielsen data.

History Specials: King Leads the March on Washington | History

Unprecedented media coverage got up close, personal

Martin Luther, il discorso che cambiò le coscienze dell'America

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<a href="https://youtu.be/C7IJ7npTYrU">https://youtu.be/C7IJ7npTYrU</a>

<a href="https://youtu.be/6_uYWDyYNUg">https://youtu.be/6_uYWDyYNUg</a>

<a href="https://youtu.be/LxWiWasnTO8">https://youtu.be/LxWiWasnTO8</a>

<a href="https://youtu.be/Xecn9For_Ig">https://youtu.be/Xecn9For_Ig</a>

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the nation's premier civil rights legislation. The Act outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, required equal access to public places and employment, and enforced desegregation of schools and the right to vote. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed it on July 2, 1964.

It did not end discrimination, but it did open the door to further progress.

On&nbsp;August&nbsp;28, 1963, an interracial assembly of more than 200,000 people gathered peaceably in the shadow of the&nbsp;Lincoln Memorial&nbsp;to demand equal&nbsp;justice&nbsp;for all citizens under the law.

The crowd was uplifted by the emotional strength and prophetic quality of the address given by Martin Luther King, Jr,&nbsp;that came to be known as the “I Have a Dream” speech, in which he emphasized his faith that all men, someday, would be brothers and his hope that 

one day his children would live in a nation where they would “not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

&nbsp;The rising tide of civil rights agitation greatly influenced national opinion and resulted in the passage of the&nbsp;Civil Rights Act&nbsp;of 1964, guaranteeing equal&nbsp;voting rights, outlawing discrimination in restaurants, theatres, and other public accommodations involved in&nbsp;interstate commerce, and encouraging school desegregation.

<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Kilgore-Jr">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Kilgore-Jr</a>

In the end, the March was really peaceful, but the fear of riots was great. Almost 150 FBI agents were assigned to mingle in the crowd, working in tandem with secret service agents. Others were stationed at rooftop observation points on the Lincoln Memorial, Union Station and the Commerce Department overlooking the Mall. At the FBI headquarters, which director J Edgar Hoover feared might come under attack from protesters, security was also tightened. Staff were warned to sit away from the windows. A policeman or National Guardsman would be stationed on every corner in the downtown business district to guard against looting. To beef up the police presence, hundreds of additional officers were drafted in from neighbouring suburban forces, who attended specially organised riot training courses. So many law enforcement resources were devoted to policing the march, the FBI feared a spate of bank robberies in the capital's outlying neighbourhoods. Despite this massive mobilisation, police dogs remained in their kennels, mindful of the ugly images from Birmingham in May, where the photographs of young protesters being mauled by snarling dogs had shocked so many white Americans, police chiefs feared their presence could easily incite the crowd.

The March On Washington: The Spirit Of The Day | MLK | TIME

Sitography: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23790147">https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23790147</a>

https://patch.com/new-jersey/fortlee/50-years--benjamin-mays-benediction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mays#Connection_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr. https://opensiddur.org/prayers/secular-calendar/united-states/mlk-jr-day/prayer-march-washington-jobs-freedom-rabbi-uri-miller-august-28-1963/ https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March-on-washington-jobs-freedom-program.jpg http://www.joachimprinz.com/civilrights.htm https://adw.org/invocation-by-archbishop-patrick-oboyle-for-1963-march-on-washington/ https://www.deseret.com/2013/8/24/20524472/march-on-washington-showcased-religious-roots-of-civil-rights-movement#program-for-the-march-on-washington-that-took-place-aug-28-1963-the-program-which-was-dominated-by-prayers-and-religious-music-and-speeches-illustrates-how-religion-was-central-to-the-civil-rights-movement-and-to-this-seminal-event-in-the-movement https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/reuther-walter-philip http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_61594D6876B94563A6C39509813F600A https://www.naacp.org/marchonwashington/ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/march-on-washington-dc-mlk-racial-equality-watch-live-stream-today-2020-08-28/ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/commitment-march-to-washington-2020-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-historic-event/ar-BB18k7S0 https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/8/28/21406250/thousands-gather-at-march-on-washington-commemorations https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/education/teachers/curricular-resources/elementary-school-curricular-resources/they-had-a-dream https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington

Mahalia Jackson was born on the 26th of October 1911, in New Orleans. At a young age her mom died and she was raised by her aunt. She had already discovered her passion, which was singing, especially in Church.

Bob Dylan was born on the 24th of May 1945 in Duluth, Minnesota. In 1962 he released his first album Bob Dylan which contained blues and gospel songs.

At the March on Washington Bob Dylan sang: "When the ship comes in" and "Only a pawn in their game"

Flashback: Bob Dylan Performs at the 1963 March on Washington

In 1963 she decided to join the March on Washington. Jackson sang in front of the 250,000 people present at the event. The songs were: "How I got over" and "I been bunked and I been scorned".

"How I Got Over" - Mahalia Jackson

Odetta was born on the 31st of December 1930, in Birmingham, Alabama. At a very young age her father died and she and her mother moved to Los Angeles. There she studied music at the Los Angeles City College.

At the March on Washington she sang "I'm on my way"

/ People arriving at march, Odetta singing 'I'm on my Way' / crowds...

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool contains 4 million gallons of water when filled. Another fun fact: It takes between three to four days to drain all that water for regular cleaning and repairs to the pool.

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is the largest of the many reflecting pools in Washington, D.C. It was designed by Henry Bacon, and was constructed in 1922-1923, following the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

School Year 2020-2021 San Giorgio School Class 3B

The Lincoln Memorial, an iconic landmark on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., is a tribute to the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. The structure is imposing and it was designed by the architect Henry Bacon to reproduce the features of an ancient Doric temple, the temple of Zeus in Olympia. There are 36 columns, each one representing one state in the U.S. at the time of president Lincoln's death. The Memorial itself is 190 feet long and 119 feet wide and reaches a height of almost 100 feet. Inside is the statue of Lincoln, located in the centre of the monument. On the walls behind the statue, Jules Guérin engraved Lincoln's most famous speeches.

The monument awakens feelings of freedom and equality in those who watch it, because Lincoln was an important figure in American history. Over the years, other historical events have magnified the value of this great monument such as "The Easter Sunday Concert" and the "March on Washington" of 1963, when Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous speech.

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