Language and Gender

2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pronunciation and Intonation Difference For pronunciation, we set English pronunciation as an example because lots of research achievements are made in English backgrounds. For /t/ and /r/, women pronounce more easily. Thus we can see, women’s pronunciations are more correct and concise. Trevor once said, because of the lower social position and high expectation, females have to pay attention to their methods and make sure they can make pure pronunciation while males relatively undisciplined and free pronunciation further reflect their prestige. Perhaps men are not eager to show their high position in this aspect. 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vocabulary Difference Some extreme and commendatory adjectives are more used by women like great, lucky, happiest, excellent and etc. They also use some positive degree adverbs to emphasize in good aspects like really, largely and so much. It proves that women are inclined to use euphemistic expressions and cautious words like&nbsp;“My dear”, “Oh god” in English which men will not care about. Women usually avoid using slang and dirty words even they are really angry beyond endurance. But those words will be used by men like “Shit”, “Darn” in English. Besides, there are greeting differences for males and females. Males will not add more emotional colors to salutations while females add more individual inclination and preference.

Bearing these cautions in mind, note that studies generally find that males score higher than females on tests of general knowledge, mechanical reasoning, and mental rotations; females score higher on language measures, including reading and writing assessments, and on attention and planning tasks (Warrick and Naglieri, 1993). There are no male-female differences in general verbal ability, arithmetic skills, abstract reasoning, spatial visualization, or memory span (Fennema et al., 1998). There is an interesting argument about variability of performance in certain areas. For example, Feingold has argued that males are more variable than females in quantitative reasoning-that is, that there are more very high-achieving males and more very low-achieving males than there are females in either category (1992: 47). Studies of students who are extremely gifted in mathematics consistently find a substantially higher number of males than females in this category: However, there is still a lively debate about the idea that males are more variable than females in intellectual abilities (Bielinski and Davison, 1998: 353-4). In school grades, females start out with an advantage over males and maintain this advantage into high school. Even in math and science, in which females score some- what lower on tests, females still get better grades in class ( Maher and Ward, 2002). Despite this, high school males tend to overestimate their skills in language and math, while females underestimate their skills. In elementary school, males are much more likely than females to have reading problems and are much likely to have learning disabilities or emotional disorders (Smith, 1991)

Broadbridge (2003:3) states that within the culture remain deep rooted beliefs about how men and women behave and are supposed to behave. A major part of this is based upon how people speak, and has developed into the field or folklinguistics. These belief d are illustrated by the large number of etiquette books which were popular around the turn of twentieth century. It is illustrated how women are seen as being linguistically deficient in comparison to men. Gradually over the course of the twentieth century, due in part of example to women’s role in the war effort, opinions of woman began to change, culminating in the sexual revolution of the sixties and the seventies. This led to a rexamination of women’s language and also to a discussion of the power relationship at work in speech. There views of women as being somehow ‘abnormal’ or ‘inferior’ in their style of speech were change.d, as researchers began to examine language in detail and inequalities within it.

B. Language and gender&nbsp;

Language is the important necessity of human life in this world. As human being, people use language to deliver what they want to speak to the other. According to Wardaugh (in Srijono, 2001: 1), “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” In human communication, there are two forms of language, spoken language and written language. People use spoken and written language in the daily life to facilitate in communication. Language has a lot of functions to the people in daily life. According to Srijono (2001: 7), “People use language for different purposes. They use language for communication, persuasion, information, introduction, negotiation and for socialization”. For the communication, language can share the human's feeling, desire and idea to the other people. Holmes (1992: 1) states that language and society are interest in explaining why we speak differently in different social, context, and it concerns with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning.

M. Do Males and Females Think and Learn differently?

The question of gender differences in intelligence or academic achievement has been debated for centuries, and the issue has taken on particular importance since the early 1970s. The most important thing to keep in mind about this debate is that no responsible researcher has ever claimed that any male-female differences on any measure of intellectual ability are large in comparison to the amount of variability within each sex. In other words, even in areas in which true gender differences are suspected, these differences are so small and so variable that they have few practical consequences (Fennema, Carpenter, Jacobs, Franke and Levi, 1998). Far more important are differences caused by cultural expectations and norms. For example, twelfth-grade girls score significantly lower than boys on the quantitative section of the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) (Gallagher and De Lisi, 1994) and on Advanced Placement tests in mathematics (Stumpf and Stanley, 1996). A summary of 20major studies shows that males scored better than females in math, whereas the opposite was true on English tests. Surprisingly, males scored better on multiple choice tests, but not on other formats. There may be a biological basis for such differences, but none has been proven. The most important cause is that females in our society have traditionally been discouraged from studying mathematics and therefore take many fewer math courses than males do. In fact, as females have begun to take more math courses over the past two decades, the gender gap on the SAT and on other measures has been steadily diminishing (Fennema, et al., 1998: 278)

4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Syntactic Differences Distinguished linguist Lakoff did some researches and pointed that women are more likely to use tag questions which can be regarded as an obvious feature that cannot be neglected. For example, “She is a very nice girl, isn’t she?” They are not common in men’s daily expression. And if men want to express the same views, they will choose the direct way “The girl is very nice”. Tag question will make the speaker’s tone more euphemistic and modest. Thus, males’ discourse certainty is stronger than females’. Besides, there are similarities between grammar and pronunciation feature differences. Females are inclined to use more standard and exact syntactic structures.&nbsp;

As Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (2003,p.50) say. “The force of gender categories in society makes it impossible for us to move through our lives in a non gendered way and impossible not to be have in a way that brings out gendered behaviour in others”. Gender is a key component of identity. Gender is relational and refers not simply to women and men but to the relationship between them. It also differs from many of the other attributes which are culturally and (linguistically) salient in being, or appearing to be, a binary opposition. It is not thought of as continuum like age, or as multi value variable like geographical origin and ethnicity, but as a system in which there are only two possibilities: a person must be either a woman or a man, not both and not neither. This encourages the perception that studying gender means studying the differences between men and women.&nbsp;&nbsp;

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E. Categories of Gender in language

It is important to know some terminologies that are used to represent men and women directly in a language. There are four terms as stated in Hellinger and Bubmann14: a. Grammatical gender In linguistics, the category of grammatical gender is a crucial issue. In some languages, they consist of three gender classes like feminine, masculine or neauter. Grammatical gender is a basic part of a noun that determines which kind of agreement such as article, adjective, verb, numeral or preposition that can follow the noun. In English language for example, although it is common to refer to the pronoun of an animal as “it”, the pronoun can be changed to be “he or she” as in person’s pronoun when the sex of the animal is known. The following sentences will show how the subject pronoun of an animal can be different: I saw a cat on the street. It ran so fast. (unknown cat) I brushed my beautiful cat “Meow”. She was very happy. (house pet and very well-known) Occasionally, in some languages like in Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Russian,&nbsp;

K. The Research Meaning of Language Gender Difference

Language gender difference studies have been the focus of sociolinguistics. Language is the main method of human thinking and self-expression. Thus, linguistics has close relationship with other subjects. The gender language phenomenon is not only a linguistic matter, it also involves in lots of other fields like psychology, philosophy, social science, education and media. In terms of sociolinguistics, language gender difference studies have at least three contributions: first, it builds a gender pattern research paradigm based on linguistics analysis; then, it indicates successfully correlative relationship between sex-based versus class-based differences and enrich the variation theory connotation; finally, using quantitative method to study gender language contributes to find its origin according to complicated linguistic phenomenon and improve the credibility and scientificity of linguistic studies. So, the gender language studies have great significance:

With the development of education levels and the increase of social communication activities, language differences based on gender will decrease and the language similarities between males and females will increase. It will help to comprehend the similarities and differences of language use between males and females. It also contributes to communication and comprehension and makes people use it exactly in social life. At the same time, it will benefit the social culture studies and promote to predict the development trend of language and make policies. Besides, it has positive effect on the social spiritual civilization development.Great philosopher and thinker Marx once said the society’s civilization degrees are closely related to the degree of female liberation. In contemporary society, the attention of gender matters directly suggests the degree of social civilization and advancement. As an independent, brand-new and fringe subject, femaleology is built by mainly using humanistic view and tries to review human culture by writing female culture. And it offers an extensive field for studies of relationship between gender and language in linguistics. Concerning the relationship between language and gender coincide with the social development and pace of the time.

b. Tag Questions Sort of tag question is much more apt to be used by women than by men. Lakoff (1975) suggested that tag questions are used far more often by women than by men. This form of question avoids assertion of agreeing or disagreeing. Lakoff (1973:55) state that “ sometimes we find a tag question used in cases where the speaker knows as well as the addresse what the answer must be, and doesn’t need confirmation. One such situation is when the speaker is making ‘small talk’, trying to elicit conversation from addresse”. It means that sometimes they use the question tags in cases when the speaker and the recipient already know the answer and do not need any more answers from the other person . the example of the tag question are following : • Mark is here, isn’t he? • She is very kind, isn’t she?

1. Sociolinguistics Hudson in Wardaugh (2006:10) says ‘there are linguistic items, such as entities as sounds, words, grammatical, structures and so on. Social theorists, particulary sociologists, attempts to understand how societies are structured and how people manage to live together. To do so, the use such concepts as ‘identity’, ’power’, ’class’, ‘status’, ‘solidarity’, ‘accomodation’, ‘face’, ‘gender’, ‘politeness’, etc. Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language and object of study in a way it is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology handle it. Hudson in Wardhaugh (2006:13) says sociolinguistics is the stud of language in relation to society. Holmes (2001:1) says that sociolinguistics are studied the relationship between language and society. They are sociolinguists, interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social context, and they are concerned with identyfying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. It makes clear that’s sociolinguistics focused on study of the relations between language and society. Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of&nbsp;language and how language function in communication (Wardhaugh 2006: 13). Holmes (2001:1) states sociolinguistics is concern with the relationship between language and the context which it is used.

J. The Development Trend of Language Gender Difference Studies

Gender language studies are divided into several fields. It can be divided into dispersion, concentration, systematic and thorough stages. Some scholars think it’s a process to research inwardly and extend outwardly. These processes have great influence on the common linguistics and create a new world for linguistics study field.The gender differences between males and females have got great attention. Professors and scholars in different fields have made researches in different degrees about it. But at the same time, the similarities have been neglected. Because the matter of gender difference and language aroused great attention, many professors and scholars think there should be a new subject: gender linguistics. But still there are lots of disagreements, which hold that gender language studies belong to sociological linguistics and should not be listed exclusively or it will confuse the linguistic field. Though having disagreements, professors and scholars have coincident views:

3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Language and social structures influence each other. This idea shows how non-linguistic mechanisms are supported by linguistic features to maintain gender divisions. For example, it can be seen how language reproduces traditional concepts of "femininity" and "masculinity". However, to see why these traditional concepts are oppressive towards women, social theories that have to do with language are needed.

b. The Dominance Theory Dominance theory considered that men and women could express language differently because there was an inequity of power relations between men and women. Men dominated the language because men had more power in politics and culture in social life. Due to their power, men could have control over many aspects, including language use. This theory was supported by the findings of O’Barr and Atkins (1980), Zimmerman and West (1975), Swacker (1975), Spender (1980) and hultz (1990). Nonetheless, some studies argued against this theory by mentioning that the term of power in this theory is oversimplified. They argued that in a communication process, the sex of communicant is less crucial than experience and social status. It means that women can express language better if they have higher level status than men’s in society.

Sumarsono stated that there are several factors related to differences in language between men and women, including the voice factor, which means the sound is produced due to vibrating of the vocal cords in the larynx (Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 2008: 229) and intonation, namely the pattern of changes in tone produced by speech. at the time of pronouncing the utterances or parts thereof. In society, there are two recognized sexes, namely male and female. In relation to the use of language, according to sociolinguistics, it can be seen that there are differences in the types of speech used by men and women. To facilitate understanding, then men will be shortened to L and women will be remembered as P. The aspect of language differences that does not always exist in language is gender. (Widagsa, Rudha. 2010) Sociolinguuistics accords the position of language in relation to the use of that language in society so that it views language as a communication system. The difference in words is based on the gender of the speaker or addresser.\ Women and men have different characteristics and different abilities. Differences in verbal ability are often caused by factors of limb movement, facial expression, voice and intonation. Language difference does not mean that two languages are completely different and separate, but&nbsp;

L. Reasons for gender differences in language use

According to Wenjing (2012), the language of gender differences is an extremely complex social, cultural, psychological and physiological phenomenon, which involves the language of politics, ideology, social status, roles, relationships, language, attitude, level of education, social interaction and many other factors. Lakoff (1975) thought that the differences of language between men and women are caused by social factors, not the language itself. These social factors are discussed below: 1. Men and women's social role is different. Because of the sex difference, men and women carry out different social responsibilities in social activities. At the beginning of Bible, one thing is certain that women's social status is governed and dominated by men. In all, women speak without confidence because they have low social status and have no power (Lakoff, 1975).

e. Adjectives Some of the adjectives are neutral as to sex of speaker: either men or women may use them. But another set seems, in its figurative use, to be largely confined to women’s speech. Woman like to use many adjectives such as adorable, charming, lovely, beautiful, fantastic, heavenly, but men seldom use them Lakoff's (1975) list of female adjectives includes adorable, charming, lovely, and di-vine, Male adjectives are great, good, terrific and neat. In our everyday life, we can notice that women like to use many adjective than men. It can be seen by the following example: • It is a beautiful dress • These are some shoes with good quality

2. Language Language exist as a system of symbols, in terms of abstract thinking and senses, it reveals a method and pattern to describe the objective world. From another perspective, language system and language structure’s difference reflected our different recognition of the world in some degree. In addition, as a kind of historical and cultural heritage, during the process of using it, the language in a certain sense, reflects the formation of cultural traditions, evolution of civilization, national spirit creation, social life improvement. According to Holmes (2001) females and males have developed different pattern of the use of language in which females are more linguistically polite than male. Female tend to speak less forcefully than males, while males tend to swear much more than females. For example, Holmes stated that many researchers found that in male conversation, the content of that talk focused on sports, aggresive, competition, teasing and doing things. On the other hand, in female conversation, it was focused on the self, feelings, affiliation with others, home,&nbsp;and family. They agree that males speak more than females do. It is also reported that females use more polite forms and more compliments than males. Language use consist of the socially and cognitively determined selection of behaviours according to the goals of the speaker and the context of the situation.&nbsp;

c. The Radical Theory This theory stemmed from the Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis and Orwell’s views which considered humans view their world through the language that they use and express. Therefore, the fact about the world is built based on the language that is created by men. Women were just the followers who merely imitate the language that were created by men. As a result, women had lack of experiences and perceptions because&nbsp;they had limited linguistic expression. d. The difference Theory According to The Difference theory, because boys and girls were not socialized similarly, they had different sociolinguistic subcultures which are called male subcultures and female subcultures. In this theory, the place of women’s conversation was tried to be taken back by feminist by arguing that the pattern of women’s speech was different from men’s. Even women are considered to have some superiority in some certain linguistic domains. However this theory was criticized by arguing that it just pay attention on women’s contributions to the language, but it ignore the social reality that women and men are considered unequal.

their language remains one, it's just that in the use of male and female languages, they have different characteristics. Women are more defending language while men are innovativeness and renewal. Most of us can distinguish between male and female voices even though we have to close our eyes, this is because in general it can be said that the volume of the voice of men is relatively greater than that of women. Even in the world of sound art, there are groups that distinguish between male and female voices. In women, for example, there are alto and sopra voices, while in men there are tenor and bass voices. This all happens because it is related to the sound-producing body organs that are more or less different in men and women, unfortunately in this paper the author does not discuss in detail about these sound-producing body organs In addition to the above, we also realize that women's voices are softer than men's voices, this is related to social values or manners and manners found in that person. This is evident in some societies, for example the Javanese, women who speak “loud” voices are considered impolite. Conversely, men who speak in soft and slow voices will be considered “like girls”. Relating to intonation, for example the intonation “stretching” at the end of sentences is more common in women. In Indonesian, we know the term “spoiled voice” which is unique to women and can only be done by women, while this style of language is very rare for men.

new subclasses of their grammatical gender can appear. In some languages however, it can be decreased such as in Germanic, Romance and most Iranian language, or even the original gender system can disappear totally as occurred in English and Persian. In old English for instance, wif (neuter) and wifmann (masculine) were used to refer to “woman”. b. Lexical Gender In linguistics, “gender” is usually used as property of extra-linguistic of femaleness or maleness. It can be seen in English personal noun of mother, sister, son and boy. Lexically, the meaning of mother and sister represents femaleness while son and boy relate to maleness. In other words, such nouns can be referred to “gender specific” (female specific or male specific). However, there are many words that can be classified as “gender-indefinite” or “gender-neutral” which does not specify to sex of referent, For example: citizen, patient or individually. In all languages, lexical gender becomes crucial base in deciding the form of terminologies, address terms and a number of personal pronouns. In Bahasa for instance, “bibi and ibu” are used to address aunt and mother respectively, it is similar to “paman and bapak”, the former means uncle and the latter means father.

a. Enrich the research methods and patterns of gender language studies. Combine the research and demonstration from contradiction perspective and analyze from multilevel and multi-dimension. b. Establish a relatively perfect theory frame, research all kinds of difference phenomena comprehensively and research through categorization. We should plan the whole research direction from an overall point of view. c. Revise related language policies after sufficiently considering social effects. Every language has its established features and we should devote to eliminating negative language gender discrimination. Rationally estimate girth and degree of language g e n d e r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d d i f f e r e n c e a v o i d i n g overhastiness. Gender discrimination does exist, but it is not completely unforgivable. Much too racial pattern will cause an exactly opposite effect. Generally speaking, gender discrimination has regional and timeliness features. Discourse gender difference is comparative and different multitudes, time and regions are all influential factors.

c. Referential gender Referential gender can be understood as the linguistic expressions that are used to non-linguistic reality. It means a word can be changed its basic function grammatically and lexically to be feminine, masculine or neuter when idiomatic expressions are used. For example, in German language mädchen “girl” is neutral grammatically, possesses a lexical-semantic specification of femaleness and commonly used to refer to female. In contrast, when it is used as an idiomatic expression like in “Mädchen für alles” or “girl for everything” or “maid of all work”, it might be expressed for male as well. Although metaphorically mädchen is neautral, it seems that the transmission of gendered message happens where derogatory connotations appear.Many languages use “generic masculines” when it refers to both males and females. It means that grammatically, masculine nouns are used more widely to represent male and female lexicons in linguistic expression, while feminine nouns are used specifically to express female nouns only. For example, in Russian: Vrac (male) “physician”, In

h. Vernacular form Vernacular form is the first language learned by people in the multilingual communities. The variety used for communication in the home with close friends. Simply means a language which is not an official language in a particular contest. i. Hypercorrect Grammar Lakoff (2004:80) states that “ Women are no supposed to talk rough”. In the other hand, women should speak smoothly then women use the standard verb form on their speech which makes the sentences sounds more polite.&nbsp;

C. Gender Language Differences&nbsp;

Gender and language are relatively rare disciplines studied in modern linguistics. However, anthropologists have examined the diversity of these male and female languages since the 17th century .In these studies, Lakoff (1975) called attention to linguistic differences between genders, numerous empirical studies have been conducted examining linguistics features related specifically to men and women. Some experts who are interested in analyzing the language of women and men, said that women have more language intelligence than men. Gray (2001) suggests that this distinction specifically emphasizes that women have verbal intelligence (language) than men. In fact, this instinct of verbal intelligence has been obtained from birth. In Love &amp; Stosny (2008) research, this intelligence is shown through crying, a baby crying harder and longer than a baby boy in response to the stimulus that comes into his mind.&nbsp;

Lakoff’s (1975) discusses the differences between women and men’s language, seeing them as a differences, not abnormalities. These observation led to a series of paper which set out to examine these claims. This became in part a discussion of male dominance over women as to certain extent folklinguistics’ believes were confounded as men were discovered to talk more than women and dominate conversations in a series of ways. There were also a large number of pieces of research into differences in the grammatical structures women and men use, as the traditional belief that women are more polite than men. What then is gender communication? Several have used the term to signify the differences in communication due to biology and others use it to represent differences resulting from social, psychological and cultural interactions. For most researchers gender communication focuses on the expressions used by one gender in the relationships and roles between people. The existence of a difference in gender communication has been a topic of interest for decades with generalizations being made between the sexes. A large volume of work has been published both in the mainstream popular books and in the researcharena with linguistic scholar stressing the differences in communication style.&nbsp;

2. The society is men-centered. Women are derived from men. People reach an agreement that men are superior to women. The women are considered in a lower status. 3. Value is another element. Value is the core of culture. Different values also influence men and women's vocabulary selection. 4. According to the physiological factors, it is stated that innate biological differences between men and women decide men and women are different. According to the latest medical research, from the development of language skills the women's left hemisphere develop early than men's. So, the girl speak more frequently and emotional than boy from the beginning. On the other hand, the latest voice experiment proved that the male and female voice on the resonance peak is very different voice tone quality because of their gender. Moreover. Women vocal cords are shorter, thinner and relaxer then the men's (Wenjing, 2012).

f. Avoidance of strong Swear Words Lakoff (1973:50) state that “ The difference between using ‘ shit’ (or ‘damn’, or one of many others) as opposed to ‘oh dear’ or ‘oh god’ lies in how forcefully one says how one feels- perhaps, one might say, choice of particle is a function of how strongly one allows oneself to feel about something, so that the strength of an emotion conveyed in a sentence corresponds to the strength of the particle”. For example: • Oh dear, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. • Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.&nbsp; g. Emphatic stress Quoted from Talbot (2010:38) Lakoff said that women use a firm emphasis with the rise of their intonation let see the example “what a beautiful dress!” it shown that women use a firm emphasis over-the-top because they not taken seriously by the other person. For example : • What a beautiful dress! • It’s brilliant performance. The explanation shows that women use emphatic stress to convince the listener of what she is talking about.

e. The Reformist Theory In this theory, reformist feminists criticized sexist language that is considered unreasonable and able to create bias when the reality is represented. They also proposed reforming language by avoiding the use of sexist words in language and neutralizing the sexist words like chairperson instead of chairman, Ms instead of Missus or Miss, men and women instead of men, humanity instead of mankind and he or she instead of he. Although this theory is very popular, some critics were addressed by arguing that the prejudice cannot be changed because there is no control toward people say and mean.

c. Super polite forms A polite person makes others feel comfortable, being polite may also involve the dimension of formality. The way a speaker is talking to the listener will depend on their roles in the context. The women tend to use polite word while they communicate with others. People tend to think of politeness simply as matter or saying please and thank you in the right place. Lakoff (1973) adds such features are probably part of general fact that women’s speech sounds more polite than men’s. Lakoff (1975) noted that “women are supposed to be particularly careful to say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. For instance : • Could you open the door please? • Thank you sir.&nbsp;

In particular Wardhaugh (1988) observes that there are language differences between men and women. The differences include several linguistic levels with several examples of cases found in the language: (a) Phonological differences. There is a phonological difference between male and female speech. As different variations are found in differences in dialects in the UK. Like the Siberian Chukchi language, on L (and not on P) it often deletes one of the phonemes / n / and / t / when the two meet between two vowels in a word. As, P tells nitvaqenaat while L tells nitvaqaat; (b) Differences in the morphological and lexicon levels. At this level Wardhaugh cites the example put forward by Lakoff&nbsp; (1975) which states that in English women often use color vocabulary such as mauve, beige, aquamarine, lavender, and magenta; while men do not. In fact, according to Wardhaugh, English also has a vocabulary that is based on gender / gender differences, such as actor - actress, waiter - waitress, master - mistress, etc.&nbsp;

d. Precise Color Terms Women have their own word to describe the color word. Women usually have more color vocabulary than men. This is supported by Lakoff Theory. Lakoff (1973:49) state that “ We might ask why fine discrimination of color is relevant for women, but not for men. A clue is contained in the way many men in our society view other ‘unwordly’ topics, e.g high culture and the Crunch, as outside the world of men’s work, relegated to women and men whose masculinity is not unquestion-able. Men tend to relegated to women things that are not of concern to them, or do not involve their egos. Among these are problems of fine color discrimination. We might rephrase this point by saying that since women are not expected to make decisions on important matters, like what kind of job to hold, they are relegated the non-crucial decisions as a sop. Deciding whether to name a color ‘lavender’ or ‘mauve’ is one such sop”. Lakoff (1975) which states that in English women often use color vocabulary such as mauve, beige, aquamarine, lavender, and magenta; while men do not. In briefly, that theory reveals that there is a difference in the mention of colors used by women and vice versa. Women have many color vocabulary for example “purple” women used “lavender” or&nbsp;“mauve” to mention the other color which have the same meaning like purple. For example: • The wall is mauve. • The shirt is magenta.

French: minister (male) “minister, in Arabic: muhami (male) “lawyer” is be used to refer to males, females or the persons whose gender are not known contextually. It is seldom to use female lexicons to represent such generalization. In English for example, it is often to use pronoun “he” to refer to unclear third person singular. For example” An Indonesian can ride his motorbike for many hours. d. Social gender Social gender can be understood as the social separation between masculine and feminine roles and character traits. It means that personal nouns are formed specifically socially when there is no any difference between feminine or masculine words if it is viewed grammatically or lexically. For example, in English, there are a lot of many higher-status occupational terms like lawyer, surgeon or scientist which are usually referred to male-specific pronoun he. In contrast, Female-specific pronoun she will be used to refer to low-status occupational titles such as secretary, nurse or schoolteacher.

Meanwhile, men tend to give priority to logic. Instinctively, his male side supports him to speak&nbsp;focused, direct, clear, logical, and goal-oriented after much thought and weighing (Gray, 1998). That is, substantially, the man uses a single focal point to solve the problem in his speech.&nbsp;

TABLE OF CONTENT A. Introduction B. Language and gender&nbsp; C. Gender Language Differences&nbsp; D. Theories of Language and Gender E. Categories of Gender in language F.&nbsp;Language and Gender Relationship G. Difference Language of Men and Women

D. Theories of Language and Gender

There are some theories that develop regarding language and gender as stated in&nbsp;Sadiqi, those are: a. The Deficit Theory In this theory, it is believed that the language of women is not good enough as the language of men. So, women are considered to copy most of men’s language, while men play important role in creating the language. As a result, women use the language by imitating men’s language and by expressing the language that is not as perfect as men. The work of De Beauvoir (1949) and Danish grammarian Jespersen (1922) supported those ideas. Meanwhile, Lakoff ’s view is a little different. She argued that gender inequity that happened when women expressed their language occurred because they were marginalized in their social life. They were hoped to speak in certain ways according to their social level which is lower than men’s. Consequently, the language expression of women was not as efficient as men’s.

Thidly, the development of western rhetorics enlightened and guided the development of Chinese rhetorics. At that time, feminism rhetoric comments make us understand more about the close relationship between the speaking right and patriarchal culture. French feminists believe that language can reflect the functionality of social power and it shows more in communication. So for improving speaking right, the most important is to change patriarchy. This is a new start and a challengeable task for gender language studies.

Holmes opinion quoted from Lakoff theory in his book too, Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2001:2:87) state that “So, according to Lakoff, both hedges and boosters reflect womens lack of confidence.” For example : well, you see, you know, I think. It is assigned to the same category as “pause fillers” such as “uh, um, oh, ah, wait, ehh, yeah“&nbsp;From the explanation above, we can conclude that  hedge  or  filler is a pause that shaped a phrase which contained in the sentence of the conversation to fill the breath pause, information that is not fully accurate, lack of confidence, doubt and confusion that is defined as "meaningless particles".&nbsp;

F.&nbsp;Language and Gender Relationship

The relationship between language and gender can be realized in three kinds of relationships according to Graddol and Joan (2003: 13), namely: 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Language reflects gender division The use of language is sensitive to life patterns and interaction patterns so that it is indicated that differences in social experiences between men and women have a certain effect on language behavior. Thus, language is seen as the reflection of society. Linguistic differences are merely a reflection of social differences, and as long as society views men and women differently and unequally, then the differences in the language of men and women will continue to exist Coates (in Graddol and Joan, 2003: 13 ). 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Language creates a gender division This view implies that language has an important role in the construction and preservation of gender division. The way language is used in various contexts of social life can project biases about men and women which by implication define the expected social roles of men and women. This forms an opinion that the language and discourse in which humans are involved can shape personality and social life. Thus, speakers can learn the distinctions or categorizations that are considered important in certain cultures when studying their linguistic distinctions.

I. Linguistic Forms&nbsp;&nbsp;

Women in conversation today use language for intimacy. Girls are socialized as children to believe that talkmis the glue that holds relationship together, so as adult speaker, conversation for women are negotition for closeness in which people try to seek and give for community, the women are individual in a network of connection. During some private moment when women get together they talk about feeling and relationship, their work and their family. According to Lakoff (1972:53) there are nine linguistics features such the following: a. Lexical Hedges and Fillers. Hedges or fillers are sign of uncertainty, stupidity or weakness. Hedges are reducing the force of an utterance. Hedging devices explicity signal lack of confidence. In his book , Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Holmes (2001:286) states that “ Another study, for instance made a distinction between fillers and hedged with sort of classified as a hedge, while well and you see were describe as ‘meaningless particles’ and assigned to the same category as pause fillers such as uh, um and ah”.

H. The Significance of Language Gender Language

In terms of sociolinguistics studies, most scholars’ main research contents are not just about gender grammar neither of specified language system nor about physiological gender study. There are gender differences in sociolinguistic phenomena mainly because of social structure types, culture backgrounds and pragmatic mentality like phenomena of social gender. Gender language difference is objective, and even in society using the same nation language or region dialect, it is common to see different languages because sexual, physiological and social factors. 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gender Difference in Utterance-Choosing Normally, men usually talk eloquently in all kinds of competitive topics like sports while women’s topics are usually about family life, individuals and emotions. So the dialogues&nbsp;showing directly one’s inner lives are more from women, on the contrary, men are inclined to hide their feelings. What men mainly talk about are working conditions, sports news and other related topics, while women mainly talk about family and family members. It’s mainly related to males’ and females’ mentalities: women prefer to harmonize and soften interpersonal relationship while men just think about showing their leading roles and assert their dignities.

Grimm (2008:8) argues, that these two terms imply both women and men have language uniqueness. Actually both women and men do not fully use different words. The difference lies only in the use of linguistic"preference". In relation to the language and gender we commonly hear today, "male language" or "female language" is used as a generalization of the behavior of "male language" and "female language" (Gray, 2001). Still, Gray says that men in the eyes of women at the time of speech, they are more impressed linear, simple, not comprehensive, do not show emotions, usually in short sentences, and in the form of statements and hierarchical oriented. In contrast, women in the eyes of men are usually those at the time of unstructured speech, sentence construction is usually passive, many use conjungtive sentences to show decency, more questions, and tend not to focus on the conversation. The substance of the language, women also differ from men who rely on logic. Gray (2001) states that women are very involved in feelings in various ways, and often emotionally overwhelming the pressure around. They can not bear the burden alone, need a friend vent to tell the complaints faced. However, women are highly compatible with a variety of jobs and are often called multitasking, able to perform various jobs at the same time.

Firstly, the field of gender language studies expands linguistic studies which mean the connotation of language studies. People increasing realize that traditional language studies do not meet the social development. Different sexual discourse styles based on gender difference studies inject new strength and vitality to linguistic researches. Because of this, the research methods need involvements in many different fields. Secondly, gender language studies keep pace with the direction of language research development and are also the objective requirement of the new century’s Chinese rhetoric development. The rhetoric since 1990s not only has paid attention to the dynamic development but also combined static studies and made breakthroughs in colloquial and acceptance rhetoric. According to different purpose, sexual factors will directly affect the rhetoric methods and patterns. Based on this, studies of language and gender can go farther.

3. Gender A major topic in sociolinguistics is the connection, if any, between the structures, vocabularies and ways of using particular language and the social roles of the men and women who speak these language. In such a view, gender must be learned a new in each generation. Cameron (1998b, pp. 280–1) states that view in a slightly different way: Men and women are members of cultures in which a large amount of discourse about gender is constantly circulating. They do not only learn, and then mechanically reproduce, ways of speaking ‘appropriate’ to their own sex; they learn a much broader set of gendered meanings that attach in rather complex ways to different ways of speaking, and they produce their own behavior in the light of these meanings. Performing masculinity or femininity ‘appropriately’ can not mean giving exactly the same performance regardless of the circumstances. It may involve different strategies in mixed and single-sexed company, in private and public settings, in the various social positions (parent, lover, professional, friend) that someone might regularly occupy in the course of everyday life. Gender is also something we can not avoid, it is part of the way in which societies are ordered around us, with each society doing that ordering differently.

H. The Significance of Language Gender Language I. Linguistic Forms&nbsp;&nbsp; J. The Development Trend of Language Gender Difference Studies K. The Research Meaning of Language Gender Difference L. Reasons for gender differences in language use M. Do Males and Females Think and Learn differently?

G. Difference Language of Men and Women

Since childhood, we have learned language through acquiring language that we get from the family environment. Through the family environment, we are taught from sounds, words and even simple sentences that are not yet perfect, then we can learn little by little. The language written or memorized must have meaning. Through language we can express the ideas or ideas that we think about. Language is the basis of all the activities we do, because language can be said to support all our activities in social life. Language is also used as a means of communication, conveying information and exchanging thoughts. When we use language as a means of communication, we already have certain goals to be achieved in a communication that has been adjusted and planned in advance, not infrequently the communication just happens spontaneously. What is certain is that when we communicate we want what we convey to be understood by others. In the use of language, the relationship between language, vocabulary and gender of speakers can be viewed sociolinguistically because it involves social problems, namely society and linguistics, namely language. Gender is one of the factors that affect language in a society anywhere in the world. Gender is the difference and function of social roles constructed by society, as well as the responsibilities of men and women. Gender is related to the process of believing how men and women should play a role and act in accordance with the structured values, social and cultural conditions in which they exist.