Urban

In December 2010 the Beijing's' city government introduced a new lottery system for the allocation of car licence plates to new car buyers in an effort to control the cities growing traffic congestion problem. Under the lottery system authorities will allocate 20,000 new drivers registrations licences every month with the first lottery taking place on January 2011. In order to be eligible for the lottery applicants must have paid tax and social insurance in Beijing for a minimum of 5 years.

4a The Need for Housing Management in Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro is one of Brazil's largest settlements with a population of approximately 6.7 million people. Natural increase is one cause of increased population, but migration is the major factor. 65 per cent of urban growth is a result of migration. Millions of people have migrated from Brazil's rural areas to the city. The rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro's population has led to severe crowding and a shortage of housing. The city cannot grow because of physical factors - there are mountains to the north and west, and sea to the south and east. Housing areas of Rio are highly segregated.

Explain the need for traffic management in a developed world city you have studied. 6

Beijing has six ring roads, in 2000 there was 16,000km (11,000 miles) of expressway, by 2009 that had reached 65,000 and by 2020 there was 100,000km, roughly similar to the whole of USA. New roads — seven new highways from Beijing built by 2015, including the Beijing to Tibet Highway.&nbsp;This means that through traffic does not need to travel into the city centre. Road widening projects, for example on Wanshou Road, and Chang'an Avenue which was recently upgraded to 10 lanes (one way) have also increased the capacity of major routes into the city.&nbsp;

4b. Strategies for Urban Development

There are 5 main strategies for urban development: Self-help Schemes Site &amp; Service Schemes New Towns Superblocks Pacification

There are 6 main strategies for urban development: Removal of High Rise Flats New Housing Stock Housing Associations Dalmarnock Legacy Hub Riverside Woodland Park Sports Facilities

Tram can carry over 250 passengers. Edinburgh’s trams offer an efficient and sustainable transport system. The trams are powered by electricity and have zero on-street carbon emissions.&nbsp; There very popular with almost 5 million passenger journeys on Edinburgh Trams during its first year.

Look at Diagram Q5 before answering this question. Traffic congestion is a major problem in cities in the UK and across the developed world. Explain the strategies employed to combat the problems of traffic congestion in a developed world city you have studied. You should refer to specific named examples from your chosen city. 8

Diagram Q5: Most congested UK cities, 2013

Beijing has issued its first ever “red alert” over the city’s smog, with the Chinese capital going into shutdown in an attempt to protect people from the deadly air (December 2015). It is the first time ever that the highest possible state of caution has been declared in the city, which has more than 21 million residents. Air pollution monitors showed areas of Beijing had more than 256 micrograms per cubic metre of the poisonous particles. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says anything over 25 micrograms is considered unsafe. The warning means schools will have to close down and construction and other industry in the capital will be limited.

Beijing, like many developing world cities, suffers from severe traffic &nbsp;congestion. It is estimated that commuting time has increased by 19% in the last 5 years. For Beijing, or any named city you have studied in the developing world, explain the strategies employed to manage traffic congestion. 8

For the Summer Olympics in July, 2008, Beijing implemented a temporary odd-even rationing policy, by allowing cars that have an even last number of their license plates to be able to drive on roads in one day while the cars that have an odd last number of their license plates could go on the road the next day in order to improve air quality in the city. After the Olympics, the policy was relaxed to allow cars in Beijing city (inside the 5th Ring Road) on 4 days out of 5. The end numbers are paired up and not allowed in Beijing for one day a week. Monday to Friday, cars with end numbers 1 or 6, 2 or 7, 3 or 8, 4 or 9, 5 or 0 respectively would cease going on public road space. There is an app to let people know which day this is each month.

The existing network still cannot adequately meet the city's mass transit needs. The problems are worse at rush hour.&nbsp;To elevate this an upgrade of the signally system was introduced on specific lines (lines 1, 4 &amp; 5).&nbsp;This has allowed a more frequent service and longer trains from 4 to 6 carriages. Up to 70 stations have also had to introduce passenger queuing systems&nbsp;and restrict the number of people who can board each train to allow passengers to board on stations further down the line. There was a significant positive impact on subway passenger ridership, with an average increase of daily passenger ridership by 246,300 after the opening of each new subway line however, evidence suggests that the increased passenger usage of the subway is people moving from buses not from cars.&nbsp;

Management Strategies: Self Help Housing

Explanation The local authority provides residents with the materials needed to construct permanent accommodation. This includes breeze blocks, tiles and cement. The local residents provide the labour.

Evaluation Residents are in control allows them to have a sense of ownership and pride in the area, boosting community spirit. However, success does depend on the motivation of local people.

In some schemes the residents can buy their homes giving them legal ownership or pay rent giving them stability and security. However, this means that the poorest are forced to move elsewhere as they can not afford it.

1a. Need for Traffic Management: Edinburgh

Edinburgh City / What could your journey look like in the future?

There are 5 main factors to focus on in relation to improving Traffic Management: Cost Safety Economy Public Health Built Environment

Provides local amenities near to peoples homes. Such as Nursery, doctors practice, dentist and pharmacy

Explanation Leisure centre will target poor physical and mental health in local population. Should all be easy to access and reduce health concerns while increasing employment opportunities. New primary school built which will help to boast attainment.&nbsp;

Evaluation Provided up to 60 jobs&nbsp;

New Housing Stock: Athletes Village &amp; Link Housing Group

Explanation The quality of housing stock has dramatically improved. New double glazing and insolation reduces energy costs. Almost 1550 new homes built To build 562 new homes on suite of former power station (derelict since 1980). Housing associations receive government and council grants to provide more affordable housing. Mixed tenure with 200 homes for sale and rest rented.

Evaluation Local stones and brick facing used to fit in with existing area and heritage. Provides a range of training and work opportunities as part of community benefits clause. Only 300 of which are for social rent. Concern of gentrification of area with locals forced to move out due to increase in housing prices and lack of social affordable rent. Attracting residents with a higher income provide a more equal spread and can improve the economy of local businesses.&nbsp;

BBC One Commonwealth City  episode 1/3

By encouraging commuters to travel by car only part of the way, park for free and take public transport the rest it increases capacity on the roads at the busiest times.

Ingliston (west) - 1085 Hermiston (west) - 450 Newcraighall (east) - 565 Ferrytoll (north) - 1040 Sheriffhall (south) - 561 Straiton (south) - 600 Wallyford (east) – 300 Total – 4,601 (Combination of Bus and Train / Tram links)

Management Strategies - Superblocks (high rise)&nbsp;

Explanation The Brazilian Government cleared large areas of favelas and built high rise tower blocks.&nbsp;

Evaluation The Brazilian superblocks cost 15 times more than the site and service schemes. Most favela residents can’t afford to live in them ($60 initial cost and $18 to $26 a month for mortgage).

The community spirit of the favelas was lost, and the superblocks were often far from any job opportunities. People also complained they were too small.&nbsp;

Beijing commuters lose an average of ¥808 yuan ($127) in time-cost per month due to traffic congestion, the highest among major Chinese cities, according to a report. The report shows that for every one hour of commuting, 30 minutes are wasted on traffic jams in Beijing. Assuming that a commuter spends two hours per day on the road over 22 working days, he will lose ¥808 a month based on a working time and payment conversion rate of Beijing's average monthly wage of ¥6,463 in 2014.

Google presents Beyond the Map

Initially there was a ¥100 (approx. £10) fine for taking your vehicle into the city centre. However it was found to be of limited success as the fine was too small. It was later increase to ¥300 (approx. £30) which is more than a taxi fare to the city centre from outside the 5th ring road.&nbsp;Also the fine could be imposed every 3 hours if the cars was not moved to a max of ¥900 for one day. This has had a major success with an estimate 700,000 vehicles taken off the roads in the city centre as a result.&nbsp;

Look at Diagram Q6 before answering this question. Rapid urbanisation in developing world cities has resulted in many housing problems. Evaluate the impact of strategies employed to manage housing problems in a developing world city you have studied. 10

Diagram Q6: Photograph of Dharavi Slum, Mumbai, India

1b. Traffic management Strategies &amp; their Impact

There are 7 traffic strategies used to improve transport in Edinburgh: Bus Lanes Trams Rail Improvements Increased Cycling Park &amp; Ride Parking Charges Low Emission Zone

Housing Associations (have taken over much of the housing stock from the council)

Explanation Generates more money for association and local area, while reducing the likelihood of squatting and anti-social behaviour. Introduced a Rewards System: Every quarter (3 months) residents can ‘earn’ £25 if no complaints of anti-social behaviour and not missed arranged meetings.&nbsp;

Evaluation Have reduced the number of vacant properties from 50 – 0. Has been running since 2006 with a marked decrease in missed appointments and anti-social behaviour.&nbsp;

The China National Highway 110 Traffic Jam was a recurring massive traffic jam that began to form on August 14, 2010, mostly on China National Highway 110 and Beijing–Tibet expressway. The traffic jam slowed down thousands of vehicles for more than 100 kilometres (60 mi) and lasted for more than ten days. Many drivers were able to move their vehicles only 1 km (0.6 mi) per day, and some drivers reported being stuck in the traffic jam for five days.

Beijing's huge traffic jam - BBC News

The Beijing Subway is a rapid transit rail network. The network has 18 lines, 334 stations and 554 km of track in operation, and is the second longest subway system in the world after the Shanghai Metro. The subway is the world's busiest in annual ridership.

Priority for taxis, cyclists, public transport and emergency services. A safer on-street environment for pedestrians. Less air pollution on Princes Street and George Street, the primary shopping streets.

Traffic congestion is costing the UK economy more than £4.3bn a year, or £491 per car-commuting household, according to the survey by the Centre for Economics and Business Research and traffic information company Inrix. More than £426m is wasted on fuel alone a year, the survey said. The cost in terms of lost time is £2.7 bn. or £331 per commuter a year. Hold-ups to business or freight vehicles amounts to £1.1bn annually being added to household costs.

Edinburgh has 40 miles of bus only lanes. These improve journey reliability and save time for buses, encouraging people to travel by bus rather than car. Some drivers still use bus lanes illegally and they can add to congestion of busy roads by reducing capacity.

From October 2015 there are two changes to bus lanes: All vehicles can use these lanes outside peak times, (that is from 9.30am to 4.00pm and 6.30pm to 7.30am Monday to Friday and all day Saturday and Sunday.) Allowing motorbikes to use peak lanes all day.

In 2013 as many as 1.47 million applicants were vying for the monthly 20,000 license plates for cars, in 2018 the government reduced the amount of licenses to 8,000 per month. Initially it was much easier to get an electric car but while it is still quicker the latest people to apply still have to wait 7.8 years in queue.

The number of plates issued every year in Beijing

NEV - New Electric Vehicle ICEV - Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle

Rocinha is the largest favela in Rio de Janeiro, a city where favela residents make up 22 percent of the population. This means that out of&nbsp;the 6.3 million people living in Rio, 1.4 million live in favelas. As of a 2010 census, Rocinha's population was about 70 thousand, but estimates are much higher, predicting there are anywhere from 150 thousand to 300 thousand residents crowded in the 0.86 Km² of Rocinha. Compared to some shantytowns, Rocinha has a relatively good infrastructure, with houses built out of concrete and bricks and businesses such as banks and drug stores.&nbsp;

About 99 percent of people living in Rocinha have access to electricity and most have running water, though Rocinha's sanitation is very poor, with sewage running in a channel between houses.

Due to its lack of services, Rocinha is ranked 120 out of the 126 neighbourhoods in Rio on the Human Development Index.

3a. The Need for Housing Management in Glasgow

Poor quality tenement buildings e.g. structural problems, dampness from old age which meant some of the buildings were not fit for human habitation. There were many old inner city derelict sites which added to the poor environmental quality of the area&nbsp;for the residents living there. There was a lack of suitable outdoor recreation areas for families. Lack of efficient transport infrastructure e.g. Dalmarnock train station was upgraded and road links needed upgrading (M74 extension as a solution to this). Urban renewal of the whole area was needed to prepare for the Glasgow Commonwealth Games in 2014.&nbsp;The site and planning permission were obtained without much opposition as the area needed massive regeneration. High rates of unemployment and social deprivation meant investment was needed in the area to generate employment to improve life for the residents.

Emilia Hanna, air pollution campaigner for Friends of the Earth Scotland in 2016 said: The Government’s failure to invest in clean air measures will ultimately cost lives. Traffic-related air pollution is creating a public health crisis and is responsible for 2000 premature deaths in Scotland every year.

Landmark ruling finds air pollution contributed to 9-year-old girl's death - BBC News

The Borders Railway has re-established passenger railway services, for the first time since 1969, from Edinburgh through Midlothian to Tweedbank in the Scottish Borders.

As a result of creating an attractive public transport alternative to the car, approximately 60,000 peak car trips per year will be cut from the region’s roads. Over 125,000 passenger journeys on new Borders Railway in first month.&nbsp;

In Edinburgh itself, around £30,000 a day is spent on road and pavement improvements. More than 1m cars enter the city each week and the number is rising. The City of Edinburgh Council's priorities include making the streets safer, protecting the environment and improving accessibility, as well as improving the quality and capacity of the road network.&nbsp;

Increased sports facilities&nbsp;

Emirates Arena Tollcross International Swimming Centre Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome&nbsp;

Explanation Built for the Commonwealth Games these facilities brought employment during construction and used derelict land for the buildings. Increased the positive image of the area and brought new people into the area who would spend money in local businesses.&nbsp;

Evaluation 26 locals gained employment as sports coaches / assistants. The high end venues are rarely used by locals Many visitors travel by car and leave after events without visiting local businesses.&nbsp;

There is tight control over the vehicle access to Beijing past the 5th ring road, and lorries can only enter this area between 9pm and 7am. This reduces the amount of commercial heavy traffic on the roads and means less traffic (and less pollution) which is generally bus and cars only during the busiest times of the day.&nbsp;

Edinburgh low emission zone

Low emission zones (LEZ) reduce pollution levels and improve air quality by stopping the most polluting vehicles entering a specific area. Only the cleanest vehicles can travel in a LEZ. Penalty charges will apply to vehicles entering a LEZ that don’t meet these standards. For all Scotland's LEZs, the charges are set as: Initial charge will be £60, reduced by 50% if it is paid within 14 days.

The minimum criteria for entre: •Petrol cars and vans ( registered from 2006) •Diesel cars and vans (registered from 2015) •Buses, coaches and HGVs (registered from 2013)

Evaluation Money from rents have increased the City budget allowing other project to be financed. New sewage system has reduced the spread of disease such as Dengue fever. The rubbish collections have improved hygiene and reduced the rat infestations. However, as most streets are only accessible on foot there are still issues with rubbish being dumped. Previously residents used to illegally tap into the electricity supply, this has reduced the risk of fires and electrocution.&nbsp;

Removal of high rise flats (Red Road flats), and tenements.&nbsp;

Explanation Due to poor building materials these were damp and led to ill-health (asthma etc.) Associated anti-social problems such drug / alcohol misuse and lack of natural surveillance.&nbsp;

Evaluation However, not all of the original residents will be able to afford to live in new housing. Some residents reported that the money offered in compensation was insufficient to cover the costs of a move.&nbsp;

2a. Need for Traffic Management&nbsp;in Beijing

The are 4 factors in relation to the Need for Traffic management: Economy Health Car Ownership Traffic Congestion

Management Strategies - New town Barra da Tijuca

Explanation A new town of Barra da Tijuca was built on the nearest flat land 20km along coast.

Evaluation Only for the wealthy who moved out of Rio, already has its own favelas and is now a suburb.&nbsp;

2b. Management strategies and their Impact&nbsp;

There are 5 main policies to reduce the effects of car ownership in Beijing. Road Building End Number Plate Restrictions Licence Plate Lottery Access to Beijing Public Transport

With reference to a developed world city you have studied, explain the recent housing changes that have taken place in the inner city. 8

The Edinburgh Glasgow Rail Improvement Programme (EGIP)&nbsp;

To encourage and enable more people to take the train into Edinburgh.&nbsp;Electric trains to reduce emissions. A new station at Edinburgh gateway and longer trains to increase capacity.&nbsp; The programme will deliver the following improvements: •Redevelopment of Haymarket Station •Electrification of the core Edinburgh to Glasgow via Falkirk High Line and the opening of Edinburgh Gateway station with connections to Fife line services •42 minute fastest journey time between Edinburgh and Glasgow and the introduction of 8 car electric trains

Management Strategies - Site and Service Schemes Favela Bairro

Explanation These are schemes where the government will provide a site (location) and basic amenities such as water and sewerage. Brick houses were built, and sanitation and water supply added.&nbsp; Streets and homes given formal addresses. Pavements have been widened and street lighting installed to improve safety and reduce crime.

Facilities were also improved with schools, health centres built, and roads widened to for emergency services and refuse collection. Permanent electricity supply with underground cables.&nbsp;

A key project to help make the whole city more cycle friendly is the&nbsp;introduction of a 20mph speed limit on all residential, city centre and key town centre streets, a total of 77% of Edinburgh’s road network.

Since 2010 the council has been busy upgrading and adding 56 miles of new or improved routes for bikes. Cycling will improve peoples health while also reducing congestion on the roads.

£5 million Riverside Woodland Park regeneration

Explanation Previously derelict land now transformed into woodland park area. To increase pride in local area and encourage health outdoor lifestyle. &nbsp;

Evaluation The potential for attracting economic investment has greatly increased by clearing old wasteland.&nbsp;It is hoped that this will generate employment and that the area will benefit from an additional 20,000 jobs by 2028 due to planned ventures.

Various Multi story car parks are available in the CBD (omni centre) which reduces the number of cars parking on side streets which can increase congestion by narrowing road space. Parking restrictions and fines have also increased in an effort to prevent too many cars parking on the road side – the available of on-street parking has reduced while the cost and enforcement has increased.

Management Strategies - Pacification

Explanation Pacifying Police Units were sent in to take back control, this involved armoured vehicles, machine guns and police dogs.

Rio's "Pacification" Project

Evaluation Crime has reduced and more tourists are coming into the slums. Police criticised for heavy handed approach and bystanders are often victims in Police shootouts. At night the Police are often not in control.&nbsp;

Discolouration can result from particle soiling – caused by the airborne deposition of vehicle exhaust fumes.

Severe air pollution in Beijing is largely a result of motor vehicle emissions account for 31% of the city's smog sources.

In the space of 30 years there has been an exponential increase in car ownership in Beijing.

Disappearing Glasgow » A multimedia documentary project on the regeneration of Glasgow by Chris Leslie

Describe the socio-economic and environmental problems associated with housing in shanty towns. 6

Two new Train Stations were open in 2002 as part of the Cross Rail scheme, Burnstane and Newcraighall which has a park and ride facility.&nbsp;This has increased the amount of people able to take the train into the city centre and avoid taking the car. 565 car parking spaces at Newcraighall.

For Traffic and Housing in both Developed and Developing Countries: 1. Need for management of recent urban change 2. Management strategies employed 3. Impact of management strategies&nbsp;

Case Studies: Traffic in a Developed World City: Edinburgh Traffic in a Developing World City: Beijing Housing in a Developed World City: Glasgow: Dalmarnock Housing in a Developing World City: Rio de Janeiro: Rocinha

•lack of basic facilities such as schools, water •lack of public utilities such as sewerage or power •high incidence of disease, such as TB or Dengue Fever •high rates of unemployment •unsightly dwellings made out of scrap materials •located on areas prone to flooding or landslides •often built without legal permission •overcrowded dwellings lead to lack of privacy/waste •High amount of crime and lack of security

Poor ventilation, overcrowded housing, and narrow streets enhance the transmission of tuberculosis, it is&nbsp;spread through the air when an individual coughs or sneezes.&nbsp;In Brazil, tuberculosis is the fourth leading cause of death. However, whereas the rate of tuberculosis in Brazil is 37.5 cases per 100,000 people, the rate in Rocinha is much higher: 380 per 100,000 people. This is the highest rate of tuberculosis of any community in the world. Dengue fever is another disease common in Brazil, especially in favelas. Dengue is a viral disease spread by mosquitoes. Rocinha is the perfect place for mosquito proliferation because of its poor sanitation which includes a sewage channel running through the neighbourhood and very few houses with running water. Dengue epidemics have popped up in recent years in Rio including in 2002 and in 2008.&nbsp;

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