Higher Population 

1.Methods and problems of data collection 2.Consequences of population structure 3.Causes and impacts of forced and voluntary migration&nbsp;

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. The reasons for migration can be economic, social, political or environmental. There are usually push factors and pull factors at work. What is a Refugee?&nbsp;(Forced Migration) A refugee is someone who has been forced to leave their country. They may have been persecuted or have a 'well-founded fear of being persecuted' because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion. What is an Asylum Seeker? An asylum seeker is a person who has applied for legal recognition as a refugee in another country and is waiting for a decision on their application. What is an Economic Migrant?&nbsp;&nbsp;(Voluntary Migration?)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An economic migrant is someone who has moved in order to try to better their Standards of Living.

<a href="https://www.twigscotland.com/film/populating-the-world-migration-1594/">https://www.twigscotland.com/film/populating-the-world-migration-1594/</a> 2.23 minutes

Push Factors Human rights violations, including torture and unlawful imprisonment, are common. Many people have been killed, tortured, raped and have disappeared Over 4 million people are homeless. Unemployment is high. Many people from neighbouring countries have fled into Syria following conflict in the region over the last hundred plus years / or en-route to Europe making it an unstable country. Ethnic tensions in different parts of the country have focused the problem on particular groups such as the Kurds.

Poland – Scotland migration (2004 – 2018)

Study Diagrams before answering the question. Discuss the possible consequences for Ghana for the 2050 population structure. 8

Voluntary Migration: Poland to Scotland

<a href="https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/polish-migration-after-2004">Poland - Scotland</a>

<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p018pp5v">https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p018pp5v</a> 1.17 minutes <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p018gm4j">https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p018gm4j</a> 9.12 minutes

Discuss the ways in which countries can obtain accurate population data. 6

3 - Scottish Household Survey

The Scottish Household Survey (SHS) is an annual survey of over 10,000 households. It covers a range of different topics including your home, your neighbourhood and your views on local public services. <a href="http://scottishhouseholdsurvey.com/">http://scottishhouseholdsurvey.com/</a>

3. Scottish Household Survey is a continuous survey(1) based on a random sample of the population (1) which is cheaper than carrying out a full census (1)&nbsp;

Scottish Household Survey

1. Methods and problems of data collection&nbsp;

In the UK, a census is carried out every 10 years and has been since 1801 (except for 1941). 1a. Census is a survey carried out every 10 years (1) each householder is asked to complete a detailed questionnaire about the number of people living in their home (1). 1b. Householders answer other questions on their social, economic and cultural background (1).&nbsp;

Census

Japan’s population structure is projected to change in the next 30 years. Discuss the possible consequences of these changes. 9

With reference to a migration flow you have studied, describe the impact on either the donor or receiving country. 8

Impacts on the host (Scotland)

The government receives tax from migrant workers (1) who are doing jobs that British people will not do due to unsociable hours (1) for example vital work within NHS, construction and farming (1). Generally migrants are perceived as hard workers and many are highly skilled and /or graduates (1) so brought sought after skills during the UK construction boom (1). The language barrier and cultural differences can lead to racial tension (1).&nbsp;Ethnic groups do not always integrate which can add to the tension (1). May lead to the development of over-crowded, low quality, slum accommodation (1) due to the pressures on housing in cities (1). The welfare system may become strained due to a number of migrants claiming benefits (1). Can put pressure on jobs and lead to unemployment for local people (1), leading to wages remaining low and further tension (1). The education system may become strained (1) due to the number of children for whom English is not their first language (1).&nbsp;

Push Factors Violent civil unrest that broke out in Syria in mid-March 2011 continued to expand and increasingly impacted civilians throughout 2012. Syrians and migrant workers alike have been affected by the armed conflict, causing a critically large number of people to be forcibly displaced from their homes and to seek protection in other regions and neighbouring countries. The level of security risk, lack of basic resources and quality of available information are factors that continue to determine when and where Syrian nationals and migrants decide to move. Syrians have seen their homes destroyed and neighbours and family members killed. Explosions are a regular way of life in crowded cities such as Damascus and Homs.

Japan - A Developed Country

1. Narrow Base; Low Birth Rate 2. Convex (or straight) Sides; Low Death Rate 3. High Peak; long life Expectancy

Economically Active Fewer providers for more carers 4. Raise retirement age (already up from 60 – 65 for females, and due to go up to 67 for everyone) 5. Increase number of females working, by increasing the amount of childcare available. 6. Reduce benefits for those not working, in order to increase the amount of providers. 7. Increase number of immigrants looking for work, which can lead to a rise in ethnic tensions / immigration restrictions. 8. Increase the amount of tax the economically pay to provide for dependents (especially elderly) 9. Increase pension contributions, as pensioners are living longer after their retire.&nbsp;

Impacts on host(s) (e.g. Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan)

Lebanon and Jordan are two of the smallest countries in the region. The arrival of refugees places a massive strain as refugees double the population in some settlements placing limited resources and infrastructure at breaking point.&nbsp; Systems such as waste management cannot cope and overcrowding is resulting in conditions conducive to the spread of disease. In some areas schools cannot cope – teaching domestic children in the morning and sending them home so that Syrian children can be taught in the afternoon. Tensions are rising as some Lebanese citizens claim to have lost their jobs as Syrians are willing to work for less money.&nbsp;

2. Consequences of population structure&nbsp;

A Developed Country

Pull Factors Syrians move into neighbouring countries are family ties with old friends and neighbours also able to make the move smoother. Syria also has weak borders which are easy to cross (even without paperwork) making the journey easier for those who have the financial and physical means to make the crossing. Neighbouring countries like Lebanon had stronger economic growth.

Due to Poland being a member of the European Union this allows people to move freely with unlimited migration. The exchange rate meant that the sterling conversion into zloty was favourable and meant that people could send money back to family members in Poland. There were plenty of available jobs with decent wages in parts of the economy that appeared to have shortage, such as in construction and trades such as plumbers and electricians.

Economically Active 4. Large amount of people will soon require housing, can lead or add to shanty town development. 5. Transport network will need to be upgraded to cope with increasing numbers of car, and demand for public transport. 6. Large amount of people will soon require jobs, which will lead to more taxpayers and increase wealth of country, 7. Can also lead to a large amount of unemployed people or workers in the hidden / black economy (where they pay no tax). 8. May led to large amount of out migration in search of better employment prospects.&nbsp;

The Statutory Registers&nbsp;of Births, Deaths and Marriages&nbsp;date back to&nbsp;1855.&nbsp;They include all births, deaths and marriages that have taken place in Scotland up to the present day.

2. Civil registration of births and deaths (1) provides an up-to-date count between censuses (1).&nbsp;

Consequences for A Developed Country

Young Dependents 1. Fewer children being born may lead to closure or amalgamation of maternity wards. 2. Could also have an impact on Nursery and Primary Schools with fewer class and therefore fewer schools. 3. Crèche facilities &amp; after school clubs may increase as more parents are having to work.

1. Cost: The massive costs associated with a censes mean that many developing countries with other spending priorities such as health care will avoid taking a census. 2 Language: India has 22 official languages; this causes problems with distribution and&nbsp;cost. Enumerators will need to be hired to make sure the forms are filled in correctly and to translate if needed. 3. Reliability: Countries with different ethnic groups and political corruption may inflate population numbers in certain areas, this has happened in Northern Nigeria to gain more seats in parliament.&nbsp; 4. Literacy rates: If people can’t read or write it will make filling in the forms less reliable or more costly if officials are hired to help.&nbsp;In Niger only about 1:4 people can read and write. 5. Nomadic People: People without a settled place of residence make censuses more difficult and less reliable as they maybe counted twice or not at all.&nbsp;The Tuareg people in Niger are nomadic.&nbsp;

Referring to voluntary migration, discuss the push and pull factors. 8&nbsp;

3.Causes and impacts of forced and voluntary migration&nbsp;

Migration Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location.&nbsp;This movement is often from one country to another (international migration ) or within a country (internal migration).&nbsp;It may be from the countryside (rural) to the city (urban) or from one city to another.

POPULATION Higher Geography

Explain why certain countries may find the collection of population data more difficult and less reliable. 12

Egypt – A Developing Country&nbsp;

1.Wide Base; High Birth Rate 2.Concave (tapered) Sides; High Death Rate 3.Low Peak; Low Life Expectancy

Impacts on the donor (Poland)

Fewer people means less pressure on limited resources (1) like decent housing and healthcare (1). This will also help reduce the unemployment rates for the country (1). Birth rate is lowered as young people migrant away (1) so there will be a decline in the population (1). Migrants often send money home to their families (1) meaning people have more money in Poland (1). Migrants return with new skills and this leads to better standards of living (1). The most educated and healthy leave (1) which could hinder development (1).

6. Homelessness: this can also make it difficult or more expensive as many millions of people live in Shanty Towns so forms cannot be sent to an address. 7. Migration: illegal immigrants wish to avoid detection, for example Burmese migrants in Thailand. 8. Wars / Conflict: this can make it too dangerous to collect information or other priorities are more important.&nbsp;This was the case with Britain in 1941 and more recently counties like Syria can’t conduct accurate record collections. 9. Access: Countries with mountainous / desert / rainforest&nbsp;areas will find if very difficult to access the people living there in order to distribute and collect the forms. For example, Indonesia has many islands spread over a large area. 10. Communication: Poor transport links can make this more difficult and therefore less reliable / more expensive.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.twigscotland.com/film/census-counting-people-1605/">https://www.twigscotland.com/film/census-counting-people-1605/</a> 2.52 minutes

Forced Migration Examples

6 million Afghans forced by war to leave for neighbouring Pakistan and Iran. 1.5 million Ethiopians, Sudanese and Somalis driven from their homes in East Africa by drought, famine and civil war. The 1994 Rwandan civil war caused 1.5 million people to become refugees.&nbsp;One million crossed into Congo to live in refugee camps. An estimated 300,000 died of cholera and starvation. Half a million Chechens forced out of their capital Grozny, by an army of 100,000 Russian troops in 1999-2000.

As few as 4% of Syrian refugees are in EU countries but there is a rise in tensions associate with movement of people through countries like Libya. Many of these people have passed through Syria. Tragically many migrants have lost their lives crossing the Med or trying to pass from Calais to Dover in the summer of 2015. In Jordan, Iraq and Turkey migrants have ended up in refugee camps organisations such as Unicef and Oxfam have had to intervene to provide water and food. 80,000 people alone are currently living in the Za’Atri camp in Jordan. Turkey has spent approximately $1.5 billion on accommodating Syrian refugees.

Impacts on donor (Syria)

Much of the educated population have fled in search of safety. As a result the hospitals are understaffed and the injured and weak are dying. Culturally vibrant cities such as Homs and Aleppo are now ghost towns and services are not functioning effectively, e.g. classrooms lie empty. Shelter, food, water and health services have grown increasingly scarce, and the generosity of those with surplus resources has been exhausted and is insufficient to meet the basic needs of displaced persons. The challenging winter conditions in Syria and surrounding states have made renewed aid efforts through even more essential.&nbsp;

Elderly Dependents 9. Very few old dependents at present though this will change soon and will require more money to be spent on services and health care for the elderly. 10. Old dependants can help family (childcare etc.) to close family ties.

Consequences for A Developing Country

Young Dependents 1. Large sums of money to be spent in health care for the young i.e. Maternity wards 2. Significant investment in schools and teachers to education the young workforce. 3. Education increasingly important in order to reduce birth rate and infection rate of HIV / AIDS

Old Dependants 10. Free personal care for the elderly, is very expensive and only available in Scotland at present. 11. NHS under more pressure as there is more elderly requiring more operations, i.e. hip replacements. 12. Residential care such as old folks' homes are expensive unable to cope with amount of elderly. 13. Local Councils find it difficult to finance all the services such as Home helps and meals on wheels. 14. Increase in the amount of elderly people who require recreation, for example SAGA holidays and bowling clubs.

Not enough jobs and underemployment with very few opportunities for example in 2014 the unemployment rate in Poland was around 14%. Low paying jobs linking to low standard of living for example the average wage in Poland is €747 compared to the UK where it is €3042 resulting in a low standard of living for example poor quality housing. Lack of basic amenities like good quality housing, water and power mean there is overcrowding happening.&nbsp;Many young couples have to live with their parents as a result of this. State benefits are very low compared to Scotland and the UK and also the healthcare in Scotland is free at the point of delivery. Due to increased mechanisation / privatisation of farms rural unemployment has risen.

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