OUR PEOPLE OF LEGEND

While the decision for his initial arrest (in December 1849) was quickly overturned after local protests ,Iancu was censored throughout his life, had his library confiscated, and was placed under surveillance. He was even arrested a second time, in 1852, after it was presumed that his presence alone served to inflame local sentiments. Local traditions hold that the emperor Franz Joseph was visiting Transylvania and on July 21, 1852, he was in the Apuseni Mountains area, purportedly to attend The Maidens' Fair on Găina Mountain but also hoping that Iancu would agree to meet him. Allegedly, Iancu refused, uttering his famous line "It's all for naught, a madman and a liar can't by any means come to understand each other". Soon after his release, Iancu visited Vienna and attempted to petition the Emperor. He was prevented to do so by the police, a public humiliation which provoked a nervous breakdown that had an impact on the rest of his life. He was marginalized by the authorities who didn't allow Romanians to have their own say in Transylvania about their own autonomy. Being treated as peripheral by the people in power, he spent the rest of his life traveling the Apuseni Mountains, as a half-mad vagrant, living out of whatever alms that the impoverished moți population could spare for him, singing sad Romanian doina songs on his flute.

Alongside land reform, Cuza sought to make basic education compulsory and free; opened schools at all levels and provided scholarship opportunities to poor students; He founded the University of Bucharest. He reorganized the state administration by reforming electoral laws and the judicial system to strengthen his authority. However, large landowners and some middle class members opposed his policy. In January 1866, Cuza was forced to resign after a conspiracy by a group of officers and died in exile.

Team: Ayla Akhan/ Karacaören Primary School/TURKEY

Here is the Last King of Romania, Michael I

-Berat -Azra -Hayriye

Mehmet Âkif Ersoy (b. December 20, 1873 - d. December 27, 1936) was a Turkish personality of the Ottoman period, being a poet, veterinarian, teacher, preacher, hafiz, translator of the Qur'an, swimmer and deputy. M. Afik Ersoy is known for being the author of the national anthem of the Republic of Turkey - İstiklâl Marșı (Independence March). He is nicknamed the poet of the homeland and the national poet. His most important works are: Canaklale destani - The Epic of Galiopolli; Bulbul - The Vigilante and Sahafat. After the second constitutional term, he was the editor-in-chief of Sirat-i Mustakim (The Right Way) magazine, which changed its name to Sebil ül-Resad. During the War of Independence he was a member of the First Parliament. Although he was a supporter of a secular republic, he did not agree with some reforms made after the founding of the Republic and went to Egypt, where he worked as a lecturer in Turkish literature and devoted 10 years of his life to literary creation. In Egypt, M. Akif fell ill with cirrhosis, and on June 17, 1936, he returned to Istanbul for treatment. He died on December 27, 1936 in the Egyptian Apartment in Pera and is buried in Edirnekapi Cemetery in Istanbul. In appreciation of his contribution to Turkish culture, the face of Mehmet Akif Ersoy was reproduced on a 100 Turkish lira banknote and the University of Burdur (Turkey) is named after Mehmet Akif Ersoy.

Team Dobrin Paula Daniela, ROMANIA Students: Vlad M., Mihnea T., Daniela N., Demetria V.,Elena S., Bogdan B., Medeea T., Anca R.

Team: Lăcrimioara Săbăreanu - ”George Călinescu” Secondary School, Onești, România Students: Darya C, Daria C, Diana B, Cristina B, Melania C, Alexia M

was a Turkish <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal">field marshal</a> and <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesman">statesman</a> who became the first <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey">President</a> of <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a> from 1923 until his death in <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938">1938</a>. He is the most beloved personality of the Turks, a politician known and loved all over the world! He is known for being a leader who freed his people from being controlled by other countries and later for starting changes that founded Turkish <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state">nation state</a> based on social and <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalism">economic</a> <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism">nationalism</a>, more modern and similar to Western civilization, mainly <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a> (such as the French model of <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism">secularism</a> called laïcité). Atatürk was born under the name Mustafa in 1881. His birth place was in <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonika">Salonika</a>, <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)">Macedonia</a> (now Thessaloniki, Greece). Salonika was part of the <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> at that time. He took the name Kemal as a schoolboy and Atatürk (which means Father of the Turks) when he was president. His father's name was Ali Rıza Efendi. His mother's name was Zübeyde Hanım. He also had a sister whose name was Makbule (Atadan). He became an army officer and the most successful <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer">general officer</a> of the empire in <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>, fighting in <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign">Gallipoli</a>.

The teams that contributed to this book/page:

11. EMINE KAYA-TURKEY -STEPHEN THE GREAT-ROMANIA...39 12. LĂCRIMIOARA SĂBĂREANU-ROMANIA -MEHMET AKIF ERSOY...41 13. ASSIYE ŞAHİN AKBULUT-TURKEY -MIKIS THEODORAKIS-GREECE...43 14. EUAGGELI LAGOPOULOU-GREECE -SABİHA GÖKÇEN-TURKEY...45 15. ȘEYMA TUĞAÇ-TURKEY -MICHAEL I of ROMANIA...47 16. DOBRIN PAULA DANIELA-ROMANIA -FATİH SULTAN MEHMET-TURKEY...50 17. Serap Sonal -TURKEY -CONSTANTIN BRÂNCUȘI-ROMANIA...52 18. DOBRIN PAULA DANIELA-ROMANIA -MIMAR SINAN-TURKEY...55 19. KAHOOT FOR THE STUDENTS...59 Kahoot game made by the students through which to interactively evaluate the knowledge gained by students from each other.

He was the second son of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Dracul">Vlad Dracul</a>, who became the ruler of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia">Wallachia</a>&nbsp;in 1436. Vlad and his younger brother,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos">Radu</a>, were held as hostages in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>&nbsp;in 1442 to secure their father's loyalty. Vlad's father and eldest brother,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia">Mircea</a>, were murdered after&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, regent-governor of Hungary, invaded Wallachia in 1447. Hunyadi installed Vlad's second cousin,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia">Vladislav&nbsp;II</a>, as the new&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode">voivode</a>. Hunyadi launched a military campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1448, and Vladislav accompanied him. Vlad broke into Wallachia with Ottoman support in October, but Vladislav returned and Vlad sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year. Vlad went to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia">Moldavia</a>&nbsp;in 1449 or 1450, and later to Hungary. Relations between Hungary and Vladislav later deteriorated, and in 1456 Vlad invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support. Vladislav died fighting against him. Vlad began a purge among the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachian_boyars">Wallachian boyars</a>&nbsp;to strengthen his position. He came into conflict with the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a>, who supported his opponents,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_III_of_Wallachia">Dan</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basarab_Laiot%C4%83_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n">Basarab Laiotă</a>&nbsp;(who were Vladislav's brothers), and Vlad's&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)">illegitimate</a>&nbsp;half-brother,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Monk">Vlad the Monk</a>. Vlad plundered the Saxon villages, taking the captured people to Wallachia where he had them&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalement">impaled</a>&nbsp;(which inspired his&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognomen">cognomen</a>). Peace was restored in 1460.

KAHOOT FOR THE STUDENTS

Kahoot!

Kahoot game made by the students through which to interactively evaluate the knowledge gained by students from each other.

TEAM EUAGGELI LAGOPOULOU,GREECE

He &nbsp;was the Prince of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia">Wallachia</a>&nbsp;(as&nbsp;Michael II, 1593 – 1601), Prince of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia">Moldavia</a>&nbsp;(1600) and&nbsp;de facto&nbsp;ruler of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)">Transylvania</a>&nbsp;(1599 – 1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Brave#cite_note-2">[2]</a>&nbsp;Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded by Romanian nationalists as a symbol of Romanian unity,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Brave#cite_note-Britannica-3">[3]</a>&nbsp;as his reign marked the first time all principalities inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Brave#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014193-4">[4]</a> His rule over Wallachia began in the autumn of 1593. Two years later, war with the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottomans</a>&nbsp;began, a conflict in which the Prince fought the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni">Battle of Călugăreni</a>, resulting in a victory against an army nearly three times the size of Michael the Brave, considered one of the most important battles of his reign. Although the Wallachians emerged victorious from the battle, Michael was forced to retreat with his troops and wait for aid from his allies, Prince&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory">Sigismund Báthory</a>&nbsp;of Transylvania and Holy Roman Emperor&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor">Rudolf II</a>. The war continued until a peace finally emerged in January 1597, but this lasted for only a year and a half. Peace was again reached in late 1599, when Michael was unable to continue the war due to lack of support from his allies. In 1599, Michael won the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C8%98elimb%C4%83r">Battle of Șelimbăr</a>&nbsp;against&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory">Sigismund Báthory</a>&nbsp;and soon entered&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, becoming the imperial governor (i.e.&nbsp;de facto&nbsp;ruler) of Transylvania, under&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy">Habsburg</a>&nbsp;suzerainty. A few months later, Michael's troops invaded Moldavia and reached its capital,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i">Iași</a>. The Moldavian leader&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83">Ieremia Movilă</a>&nbsp;fled to Poland and Michael was declared&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a>. During this period, Michael the Brave changed his seal to represent his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania.

Nicolae Ceauşescu's communist dictatorship collapsed in 1989, and the following year Mihai tried to return to Romania and was forced to leave when he arrived. In 1992, Mihai was allowed to visit Romania for Easter, where he stood before a large crowd; Nearly a million people in Bucharest watched as he spoke from the hotel window. The government, disturbed by Mihai's popularity, did not allow Mihai to visit Romania any more. Mihai is the last ruler or head of state living in the pre-war period. Although often referred to as the surviving head of state after the Second World War, Bulgaria's King II. It ignores the childhood of Simeon and Tibet's 14th Dalai Lama.

Alp-Arslan’s political activity was based on the ideas that inspired all the three great Seljuq sovereigns. In Central Asia, peace was maintained with the Ghaznavid rulers who were hard to track down in their mountain strongholds in India, whereas against the Qarakhanids of Transoxania, force was used. In the west, where Alp-Arslan was to gain all his glory, he was faced with a more complicated situation. On the one hand, he decided to go to Egypt to crush the Ismāʿīlī Fāṭimid heresy, which the ʿAbbāsid Sunni caliphate at Baghdad, whose protector he was, would not accept. On the other hand, he was aware of the necessity of keeping his influence over the Oğuz Turkic tribes (sometimes called Turkmens), which was essential to his military strength. The tribes were interested above all in the success of the holy war against the infidels and in raids on Christian territory. Against the Byzantines and their Armenian and Georgian neighbours, Alp-Arslan conducted a series of campaigns, which were extended by attacks from autonomous Oğuz bands. In 1064 he seized Ani, the former Armenian capital, and Kars. These operations resulted only in some consolidation of boundaries, which assured Seljuq control over pastureland on the Aras River. Nevertheless, although the bands returned to Muslim territory to store away their booty, these expeditions upset the Byzantine defense system and paved the way for the subsequent Turkish conquest of Asia Minor. They resulted in Byzantine reactions in Syria and Armenia, after which the two empires began to negotiate.&nbsp;

Who was Mimar Sinan? At first we did not know much about him, apart from the fact that he has many good works, but we are glad we got informed about this great architect. His works have impressed us and have left us a very pleasant impression. We enjoy architecture and we are happy that we could find out more about it. So to answer the question above, we can say Mimar Sinar is one of the greatest architects in the world. The son of Greek or Armenian parents, Sinan entered his father’s trade as stone mason and carpenter. At the age of 22 he was drafted into the Janissary corps. Sinan, whose Christian name was Joseph, converted to Islam and he began a lifelong service to the Ottoman royal house and to the great sultan Suleyman in particular. He first revealed his talents as an architect in the 1530s by designing and building military bridges and fortifications. By mid-life Sinan acquired a reputation as a valued military engineer and was brought to the attention of Sultan Suleyman who in 1535 appointed Sinan as head of the office of royal architects. The sultan, upon the death of his favorite son Prince Mehmet ordered Sinan to design and construct a royal mosque. Challenged by the works of his predecessors, Sinan creates the Sehzade Mosque, one of his first masterpieces, considered one of the most remarkable of buildings to this day, along with the Mosque of Suleyman I the Magnificent and the Selim Mosque.

Stephen, byname Stephen the Great, Romanian Ștefan cel Mare, (born c. 1435—died July 2, 1504), voivod (prince) of Moldavia (1457–1504), who won renown in Europe for his long resistance to the Ottoman Turks. With the help of the Walachian prince Vlad III the Impaler, Stephen secured the throne of Moldavia in 1457. Menaced by powerful neighbours, he successfully repulsed an invasion by Hungary in 1467, but in 1471 he invaded Walachia, which had by then succumbed to Turkish vassalage. When the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II launched an attack on Moldavia, Stephen defeated the invaders near Vaslui (now in Romania; 1475). He was in turn defeated at Valea Albă (1476), and he barely managed to escape with his life. His search for European assistance against the Turks had little success, but his determination ―to cut off the pagan’s right hand‖ won him the acclaim of Pope Sixtus IV as the ―Athlete of Christ.‖ After 1484 Stephen had to contend not only with new Turkish onslaughts but also with Polish and Hungarian designs on Moldavian independence. Finally in the latter years of his reign he concluded with the sultan Bayezid II a treaty that preserved Moldavian independence but only at the cost of an annual tribute to the Turks. Though it was marked by continual strife, Stephen’s long reign nonetheless brought considerable cultural development and was a period of great ecclesiastical building and endowment.&nbsp;

Team: Derya AKGÜL/ Zile Borsa İstanbul Anatolian High School/TURKEY

On 8 November, Avram Iancu, along with his 4,000 combatants of the "Auraria Gemina" Legion took part in joint military actions with Austrian forces. The Legion reached Turda, and the city surrendered without a fight on 20 November. Then, he and his troops returned to the mountains. By early January 1849, the control over Transylvania was almost entirely regained by the Hungarian Army. The Romanian fighters holding out in their mountains stronghold were running low of supplies, having only 800 rifles to arm a few thousand men, and were completely surrounded by Hungarian troops by the end of March. Finally, the conflict ended on 29 July, as Avram Iancu offered a guarantee to the Hungarian troops that he would not attack them, allowing them to withdraw in front of the Austro-Russian offensive. Avram Iancu agreed to disarm as soon as the Austrians took over. As the Austrians granted the abolition of serfdom, they also forbade all representative institutions in Transylvania. While Hungarian nationalism was slowly fitting in the pattern that would make the Ausgleich acceptable for both sides involved, the Romanian option raised more and more irritation. The revolutionary zeal it had found under Iancu, although profiting the Monarchy, could also prove to be a weapon used for very different goals (the Austrians were especially fearful that the Greek Orthodox faith of the Romanians would accommodate itself with Pan-Slavism, completing the gap between Serbia and the Russian Empire).

Craft paper border

Our research about Carol I. of Romania

Zara, Adam, Lana - Team Suzana Jagić, Primary school Ivanec, Croatia

The&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II">Mehmed II</a>, ordered Vlad to pay homage to him personally, but Vlad had the Sultan's two envoys captured and impaled. In February 1462, he attacked Ottoman territory, massacring tens of thousands of Turks and Bulgarians. Mehmed launched a campaign against Wallachia to replace Vlad with Vlad's younger brother, Radu. Vlad&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Attack_at_T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te">attempted to capture the sultan</a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te">Târgoviște</a>&nbsp;during the night of 16–17&nbsp;June 1462. The sultan and the main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu. Vlad went to Transylvania to seek assistance from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, in late 1462, but Corvinus had him imprisoned. Vlad was held in captivity in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d">Visegrád</a>&nbsp;from 1463 to 1475. During this period, anecdotes about his cruelty started to spread in Germany and Italy. He was released at the request of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia">Stephen III of Moldavia</a>&nbsp;in the summer of 1475. He fought in Corvinus's army against the Ottomans in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>&nbsp;in early 1476. Hungarian and Moldavian troops helped him to force Basarab Laiotă (who had dethroned Vlad's brother, Radu) to flee from Wallachia in November. Basarab returned with Ottoman support before the end of the year. Vlad was killed in battle before 10&nbsp;January 1477. Books describing Vlad's cruel acts were among the first bestsellers in the German-speaking territories. In Russia, popular stories suggested that Vlad was able to strengthen his central government only through applying brutal punishments, and a similar view was adopted by most Romanian historians in the 19th century. Vlad's&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic">patronymic</a>&nbsp;inspired the name of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s literary vampire,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula">Count Dracula</a>.

The teams that contributed to this book and the articles/page:

1. VOICU CORINA - ROMANIA - MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK-TURKEY...5 2. AYLA AKHAN - TURKEY - ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA-ROMANIA...8 3. BUTA RAMONA - ROMANIA -ALP ARSLAN-TURKEY...11 4. DERYA AKGÜL- TURKEY - AVRAM IANCU-ROMANIA...16 5. RANCA AURELIANA - ROMANIA - Ivana Brlić - Mažuranić-CROATIA...21 6. SUZANA JAGIĆ - CROATIA - CAROL I. OF ROMANIA...24 7.EMREDEMİRVURAN-TURKİYE -MIHAI VITEAZUL-ROMANIA...26 8. MOȚ CORNELIA-ROMANIA -MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK-TURKEY...30 9. NAIRA ZEYNALYAN-ARMENIA -VLAD ȚEPEȘ-ROMANIA...33 10. OPREA ELENA-ROMANIA -VARDAN MAMIKONYAN-ARMENIA...36

Assiye ŞAHİN AKBULUT - İSTANBULLUOĞLU SOCIAL SCIENCES HIGH SCHOOL - BALIKESİR TÜRKİYE&nbsp; Team: Berru,Arda,Didar,Sudenur,Zişan,Ayşe Melis

Constantin Brancusi (1876 – 1957 ) was one of the first avant – garde artists of the 20th century and a true pioneer in the modernist movement. In 1904 he settled in Paris, where the art scene was bubbling with new ideas. Brancusi was part of a group of artists and intellectuals that included peers like Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Guillaume Apollinaire, Henri Rousseau and Fernand Leger. For a short period of time, Constantin Brancusi worked in a traditional, naturalistic language, but already in 1907 he exhibited sculptures with highly simplified forms. He sought to reproduce the essential, the sbsolute, so the shapes of the sculptures became symbols that expressed the most characteristic of a human head, a newborn child, a kiss, a seal or a bird. He worked on these themes individually over extended periods, often in different materials such as wood, marble and polished bronze. For each figüre he created an individual pedestal, that was closely related to the sculpture.

Michail "Mikis" Theodorakis (29 July 1925 – 2 September 2021) was a Greek composer and lyricist credited with over 1,000 works. He scored for the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973). He composed the "Mauthausen Trilogy", also known as "The Ballad of Mauthausen", which has been described as the "most beautiful musical work ever written about the Holocaust" and possibly his best work. Up until his death, he was viewed as Greece's best-known living composer. He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize. &nbsp; Politically, he was associated with the left because of his long-standing ties to the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). He was an MP for the KKE from 1981 to 1990. Despite this however, he ran as an independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in 1989, in order for the country to emerge from the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou. He helped establish a large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists. In 1990 he was elected to the parliament (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations between Greece and Turkey. He continued to speak out in favour of leftist causes, Greek–Turkish–Cypriot relations, and against the War in Iraq. He was a key voice against the 1967–1974 Greek junta, which imprisoned him and banned his songs.

Ivana Brlić - Mažuranić

Team: Ranca Aureliana, Technological High School Aiud, Romania

SERAP SONAL /TURKEY&nbsp; Şehitler Secondary School Manisa&nbsp; Team: Buğlem, Çiğdem, Hakan, Turhan

Ivana Brlić - Mažuranić

18 April 1874 – 21 September 1938) was a Croatian writer. Within her native land, as well as internationally, she has been praised as the best Croatian writer for children. She was born on 18 April 1874 in Ogulin into a well-known Croatian family of Mažuranić. Her father Vladimir Mažuranić was a writer, lawyer and historian who wrote Prinosi za hrvatski pravno-povjestni rječnik (Croatian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary">dictionary</a> for history and law) in 1882. Her grandfather was the famous politician, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia">Ban of Croatia</a> and poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87">Ivan Mažuranić</a>, while her grandmother Aleksandra Demeter was the sister of well-known writer and one of keypersons of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_movement">Croatian national revival</a> movement, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrija_Demeter">Dimitrija Demeter</a>. Ivana was largely home-schooled. With the family she moved first to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovac">Karlovac</a>, then to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastrebarsko">Jastrebarsko</a>, and ultimately to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb">Zagreb</a>. Upon marriage to Vatroslav Brlić, a politician and a prominent lawyer in 1892, she moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonski_Brod">Brod na Savi</a> (today Slavonski Brod) where she entered another known family and lived there for most of her life. She became the mother of six children and devoted all her work to her family and education. Her first literary creations were initially written in French.

The number of projects Sinan undertook is massive—79 mosques, 34 palaces, 33 public baths, 19 tombs, 55 schools, 16 poorhouses, 7 madrasahs (religious schools), and 12 caravansaries, in addition to granaries, fountains, aqueducts, and hospitals. Following a period of schooling and rigorous training, Sinan became a construction officer in the Ottoman army, eventually rising to chief of the artillery. Mimar Sinan's most impressive creation is, without a doubt, the Süleymaniye Camii, Istanbul largest mosque, as well as the burial place of the architect who designed it. Built between 1550-1557, the complex is located on one of the seven hills of Istanbul, being recognized by Mimar Sinan himself as his work of art. Although less ornate than the city's other mosques, Süleymaniye reflects the delicacy of the architectural details used much better. The interior impresses with the Iznik pottery in the mihrab, the prayer niche facing Mecca, and the huge dome supported by rectangular arches and four white marble columns.

INSTRUCTIONS: The students from team A will give a research topic about famous people who have gone down in the history of their country to team B and vice versa. Students write an article about People od Legend from their partner's country and upload the article to the Book Creator book. The article should answer these questions: Who is the personality? What did he/she do that was important to his/her country? Why is he/she a man/women of legend? In 25 February we will all play a Kahoot game through which to interactively evaluate the knowledge gained by students from each other. We respect copyright so all photos and information have been taken only from sites that allow this such as: pixabay, unsplash.com, wikipedia, brittanica.com

Kahoot game made by the students through which to interactively evaluate the knowledge gained by students from each other. Pictures from on-line meeting

I. Carol I. or Carol I. of Romania born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen was a monarch of Romania from 1866. till his death. Carol I. of Romania was&nbsp;Prince&nbsp;from 1866. to 1881. and&nbsp;King&nbsp;from 1881. to 1914. (Zara)

II. Carol I. of Romania during the Russo - Turkish War became the Russo/Romanian army commander and beacuse of him his country achieved internationally recognized independence vith the Treaty of Berlin 1878. and acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria in 1913.

III. Carol I. is perceived as a high figure in national history in contemporary Romania. He is often portrayed in history books as a historical leader at the level of Decebalus, Stephen the Great, Michael the Brave, or Alexander Ioan Cuz.

Team: Emre DEMİRVURAN, Mehmet Gürel Primary School TURKİYE

Team Naira Zeynalyan - Armenia Students: Elina, Nune, Zhanna, Suren, Davit, Shushan, Anahit, Mane, Milena

Team: Moț Cornelia, Găvojdia, Secondary School Romania

TEAM BUTA RAMONA-TECHNOLOGICAL HIGH SCHOOL AIUD, ROMANIA

Vardan Mamikonyan was an Armenian military leader who became a martyr and a saint of the Armenian Church. He was born in 387 in Artaxata, Kingdom of Armenia, as part of the Mamikonian dynasty, an aristocratic dynasty that dominated Armenian politics between the 4th and 8th centuries. After becoming the supreme commander of the armed forces (Sparapet) in 432, Vardan was summoned by the Persians to Ctesiphon. When he returned home, he repudiated the Persian religion and instigated an Armenian rebellion against their Sassanid masters. The Battle of Avarayr was attempted on June 2, 451, on the Avarayr Plain in Vaspurakan between an Armenian Christian army under Vardan Mamikonian and Sasanid Persia. It is considered one of the first battles in defense of the Christian faith. Although the Persians were victorious on the battlefield, the battle proved to be a major strategic victory for the Armenians, as Avarayr paved the way for the 484 AD Treaty of Nvarsak, which affirmed Armenia's right to practice Christianity properly. free. He was caught watching the battlefield on a hill.&nbsp;

He spent the next decade pushing reforms to modernize the country. One of the last reforms centered on family names. In 1934 it was decreed by the General National Assembly (of which he was president) that every citizen must choose surnames. For centuries many people in Turkey were recognized by their given names because the unit of community was based on small villages and clans; the uniqueness of given names minimized the need for last names. Only one name was not allowed to be chosen and that was Ataturk. Mustafa Kemal selected the name Ataturk for his surname; Ataturk means, "Father of the Turks" or "Father of the Turkish Nation". Ataturk died in 1938 and his presence is still felt across Turkey today.

Team Oprea Elena, Secondary School Raciu, Romania Students: Teodora, Carolina, Răducu, David, Nicholas, Lavinia

Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić started writing poetry, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary">diaries</a> and essays rather early but her works were not published until the beginning of the 20th century. Her stories and articles like the series of educational articles under the name "School and Holidays" started to be published more regularly in the journals after the year 1903. It was in 1913 when her book <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marvelous_Adventures_and_Misadventures_of_Hlapi%C4%87_the_Apprentice">The Marvelous Adventures and Misadventures of Hlapić the Apprentice</a> (also known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brave_Adventures_of_Lapitch">The Brave Adventures of Lapitch</a> and Čudnovate zgode šegrta Hlapića) was published that really caught the literary public's eye. In the story, the poor apprentice Hlapić accidentally finds his master's lost daughter as his luck turns for the better. Her book <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Tales_of_Long_Ago">Croatian Tales of Long Ago</a> (Priče iz davnine), published in 1916, is among the most popular today in large part because of its adaptation into a computerized interactive fiction product by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bulaja">Helena Bulaja</a> in 2003/2006.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Brli%C4%87-Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In the book Mažuranić created a series of new fairy-tales, but using names and motifs from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_mythology">Slavic mythology</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats">Croats</a>. It was this that earned her comparisons to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien">Tolkien</a> who also wrote completely new stories but based in some elements of real mythology. Brlić-Mažuranić was nominated for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> four times – in 1931 and 1935 she was nominated by the historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Manojlovi%C4%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Gabriel Manojlović</a>, and in 1937 and 1938 he was joined by the philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Bazala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Albert Bazala</a>, both based in Zagreb. In 1937 she also became the first woman accepted as a Corresponding Member into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts">Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>. She was awarded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Sava">Order of Saint Sava</a>.

Sabiha Gökçen&nbsp;22 March 1913 – 22 March 2001)&nbsp;was a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people">Turkish</a>&nbsp;aviator. During her flight career, she flew around 8,000 hours and participated in 32 different military operations.&nbsp;She was the world's first female&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_pilot">fighter pilot</a>, aged 23.&nbsp;As an&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan">orphan</a>,&nbsp;she was one of the thirteen children&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption">adopted</a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>. She is recognized as the first female combat pilot by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guinness_Book_of_World_Records">The Guinness Book of World Records</a> and was selected as the only female pilot for the poster of "The 20 Greatest Aviators in History" published by the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</a>&nbsp;in 1996. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_International_Airport">Sabiha Gökçen Airport</a>, the second airport in Istanbul, was named after her.

Alp-Arslan, Turkish Alparslan (“Courageous Lion”), original name ʿaḍud al-Dawla Abū Shujaʿ Muḥammad ibn Dāʾūd Chaghribeg, (born c. 1030—died November 1072/January 1073), second sultan of the Seljuq Turks (1063–72), who inherited the Seljuq territories of Khorāsān and western Iran and went on to conquer Georgia, Armenia, and much of Asia Minor (won from the Byzantines). Alp-Arslan was the son of Chaghri Beg, the ruler of Khorāsān in Iran, and the nephew of Toghrïl, the governor of western Iran, the base of Seljuq expansion. In 1061 his father died. When, in 1063, his uncle died without issue, Alp-Arslan became sole heir to all the possessions of the dynasty except Kerman, in southern Iran, which was held by one of his brothers, whom he promptly reduced to vassalage. He likewise easily eliminated the son of one of Toghrïl’s widows, as well as Qutlumush, a cousin and rival. Born outside the traditional Muslim countries that he was later to govern, Alp-Arslan left their administration to his vizier, Niẓām al-Mulk, who later continued as administrator under the sultan’s son and successor, Malik-Shāh. While maintaining control of Iraq, Alp-Arslan nevertheless shunned that country in order to avoid such clashes of interests with the caliphate, the seat of which was there, as had complicated Toghrïl’s last days.

Shortly after his birth, Michael's father, Prince Carol, had a controversial relationship with Magda Lupescu. In 1925, Carol was pressured to finally abdicate and move to Paris with Lupescu. After the death of his grandfather Ferdinand in 1927, Mihai took the throne. As he was younger, a council of ministers was formed, made up of his uncle, Prince Nicholas; Patriarch Miron Cristea; and Gheorghe Buzdugan was President of the Supreme Court. Your council was ineffective and in 1930 Carol returned to Romania and became king in her son's place. As a result, Michael returned to his will to be crown prince and assumed the title of Grand Voivode of Alba-Iulia.

II. Carol was deposed in 1940 and Michael became king once again. Under the government led by military dictator Ion Antonescu, Romania aligned itself with Nazi Germany. In 1944, Mihai participated in a coup against Antonescu, appointing Constantin Sănătescu to replace him and later declaring an alliance with the Allies. Political pressures in March 1945 forced Michael to appoint a pro-Soviet government headed by Petru Groza. From August 1945 to January 1, 1946 Mihai launched a "royal strike" and unsuccessfully refused to sign the resolutions of the Communist-controlled Groza government. Joining the months of November cousins, Queen of England II. Elizabeth and Prince Philip of Greece attended the wedding in London. Soon, then with Mihai wanted to meet, on the morning of 30 December 1947, and this forced him to resign from the post. Mihai was forcibly transferred, his property confiscated, and he was stripped of his citizenship. He married Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma in 1948, had five daughters, and eventually settled in Switzerland.

After his death, Vardan Mamikonian was consecrated a saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church. He is also revered by the Armenian Catholic Church as a church saint and by the Armenian Evangelical Church. The day of his commemoration in the official calendar of the Armenian Church is usually in February and, on very rare occasions, may fall in the first week of March. St. Vardan's Day is an exciting day, as it is the last Thursday before Lent. The main Armenian Christian churches are named after St. Vardan, including St. Vartan's Cathedral in New York City. Many males today bear the name Vartan or Vardan, in honor of the legendary Avarayr hero. In honor of Vardan Mamikonyan, the Armenian people erected a statue in the capital Yerevan, as well as in the city of Gyumri.&nbsp;

MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK 1881-1938

Team Voicu Corina, Technological High School Aiud, Romania Students: Beniamin, Cristian, Răzvan, Andrei, Antonia, Ioana, Cristina, Edi, Viorel

Emine KAYA - İstanbulluoğlu Social Sciences High School -Balıkesir/ TURKEY Team: Perihan-Betül-Aslı-Sıddıka- Yavuz-Tuana-Elif-Merve-Ayşe-Sümeyye-Berrak

The founder of modern Turkey, Ataturk, was born in Salonika (now the Greek city of Thessaloniki) in the Ottoman Empire in 1881 with the given name Mustafa. During his time at a military secondary school he adopted the name Kemal which means "The Perfect One". Some say it was because of his exceptional mathematically abilities or because it was a nickname given to him by his mathematics teacher. Other say he adopted the name after the radical nineteenth century poet Namik Kemal. During World War I he led three Ottoman divisions in the defense of the Dardanelles and he was instrumental in the Ottoman defeat and expulsion of the Allied Forces. After the war, from the years 1919 and 1923, Mustafa Kemal led a national uprising (the Turkish War of Independence) against the last Ottoman sultan and the Greeks which laid the foundation of the new Turkish State. In 1923 he became the first president of the Republic of Turkey.&nbsp;

Alp-Arslan’s personality, in spite of the glory surrounding his name, is not easy to evaluate. Muslims see in him a great captain, a trainer of men, an honest man, an enemy of all treachery. Christians, contrasting his reputation with that of his son Malik-Shāh, paint him in harsher colours. There is no doubt that conquest seems to have been his favourite pastime. Although an anonymous writer dedicated to him the Malek-nāmeh, an attempt to trace the origins of his family and the empire, Alp-Arslan appears to have shown little interest in intellectual matters, leaving them, like the administration of his empire, to his vizier. Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alp-Arslan

We respect copyright so all photos and information have been taken only from sites that allow this such as: Facebook, pixabay, unsplash.com, wikipedia, brittanica.com

Avram Iancu died on September 10, 1872, at Baia de Criș. His body was buried, according to his wish, under Horea's tree in Țebea (by tradition, the place where the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan had started. Avram Iancu was officially declared a Hero of the Romanian Nation in November 2016 by the Parliament of Romania and President Klaus Iohannis.

Alp-Arslan then judged himself sufficiently protected on the Byzantine side to undertake, at the request of Egyptian rebels, the great anti-Fāṭimid expedition that had been asked for by the orthodox ʿAbbāsid caliphate. As he was about to attack Aleppo, whose prince was too late in siding with the ʿAbbāsids, and was preparing to occupy Syria, Alp-Arslan learned that the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV Diogenes, with a formidable army, was assaulting his rear army in Armenia. Quickly retracing his steps, he faced his adversary near Manzikert in August 1071. The Byzantine army, powerful in numbers but weak in morale, fell before the outnumbered but dedicated Turks. By evening the Byzantine army was defeated, and, for the first time in history, a Byzantine emperor had become the prisoner of a Muslim sovereign. Alp-Arslan’s goal was not to destroy the Byzantine Empire: he was content with the rectification of boundaries, the promise of tribute, and an alliance. But the Battle of Manzikert opened Asia Minor to Turkmen conquest. Later, every princely family in Asia Minor was to claim an ancestor who had fought on that prestigious day. Alp-Arslan’s triumph was followed by a commonplace death, permitting moralists to recall that power rests only in God: at the end of 1072, he had returned to the Qarakhanid frontier and, during a quarrel, was mortally wounded by a prisoner. He had designated as his heir his son Malik-Shāh, 13 years old, under the guardianship of Niẓām al-Mulk.

was an&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_sultan">Ottoman sultan</a>&nbsp;who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>&nbsp;after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged">Peace of Szeged</a>. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople">conquered</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople">Constantinople</a>&nbsp;(modern-day&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and brought an end to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. After the conquest Mehmed claimed the title "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)">Caesar</a>" of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</a>&nbsp;(قیصر‎ روم&nbsp;Qayser-i Rûm), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>&nbsp;since its consecration in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine I.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200085-4">[4]</a>&nbsp;The claim was only recognized by the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. Nonetheless, Mehmed II viewed the Ottoman state as a continuation of the Roman Empire for the remainder of his life, seeing himself as "continuing" the Empire rather than "replacing" it. Mehmed continued his conquests in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia">Anatolia</a>&nbsp;with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia">Bosnia</a>. At home he made many political and social reforms, encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a>&nbsp;and parts of the wider&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world">Muslim world</a>. Among other things, Istanbul's&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih">Fatih</a>&nbsp;district,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a>&nbsp;are named after him.

In 1588, close to the age of 100 Sinan died. Staying true to his architectural roots, even when in death Sinan designed his own tomb located in Istanbul. Mimar Sinan was lucky enough to have his life coincide with a period in Ottoman history which saw it become one of the most dominant political states in the world. He found in Sultan Suleyman and his successors willing and generous patrons of his architectural genius, but in turn Sinan contributed to elevating the level of Ottoman culture to unseen heights of prestige. One thing that fascinates us about him was how much his experience in the Janissary corps would have shaped him. His perspective would certainly have been influenced during his military service because he was able to travel, getting to see many different regions from Central Europe to Anatolia to Mesopotamia. Having been exposed to such a wide variety of cultures Sinan would undoubtedly have enriched his architectural ideas and knowledge. His military experience would also prove pivotal later, because it provided him with the familiarity of how o command men, something that would become essential when he was tasked with constructing imperial mosques that required the labor of thousands of employees.

The interests of the three neighbouring great powers — the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>&nbsp;— were damaged by Michael the Brave's achievements. Although he acknowledged the suzerainty of Rudolf II, Michael the Brave continued to negotiate his official position in Transylvania, pleading for direct rule instead of being imperial governor. Michael kept the control of all three provinces for less than a year before the Hungarian nobility of Transylvania rose against him in a series of revolts with the support of the Austrian army commanded by the Italian General&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Basta">Giorgio Basta</a>, defeating Michael the Brave at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mir%C4%83sl%C4%83u">Battle of Mirăslău</a>, forcing the prince to leave Transylvania and retreat to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia">Wallachia</a>&nbsp;with his remaining troops, while the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth entered&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia">Moldavia</a>&nbsp;and defeated the forces loyal to Michael the Brave, restoring&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83">Ieremia Movilă</a>&nbsp;on the throne. The Polish army led by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a>&nbsp;also advanced in eastern Wallachia and established&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83">Simion Movilă</a>&nbsp;as ruler. Forces loyal to Michael remained only in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltenia">Oltenia</a>. Michael the Brave then left for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague">Prague</a>, seekeing audience with Emperor Rudolf II; however, the emperor refused to allow him audience. But General&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Basta">Giorgio Basta</a>'s governance of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania">Transylvania</a>&nbsp;faced significant opposition from the Hungarian nobility, leading to the reinstallation of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory">Sigismund Báthory</a>, who turned his back on Emperor Rudolf II and declared suzerainty to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>&nbsp;after receiving substantial military support.

When the <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was ended after the war, Atatürk organized a nationalist movement that created the new, secular, Republic of Turkey. This meant that the country's government was no longer led by hereditary or religious leaders. Visitors to Turkey are often surprised by the importance given to Atatürk in present-day Turkey. Few countries have such a person in their history. He was a successful military commander, and later established a <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution">constitution</a> and put in place changes that set Turkey on the road to becoming a new and developing nation. He inspired many later leaders like <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, and <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>. His six principles still serve today as a sign post for establishing a democratic government: <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism">Republicanism</a>: Replacing the <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a> with an elected parliament. <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism">Nationalism</a>: Citizens working together with pride in a common interest. <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism">Laicism</a>: Separating religion from government. It is the guarantee of freedom of religion and conscience in society. <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism">Populism</a>: The equality of all citizens before the law. Etatism: An economic system combining private enterprise with government-funded monopolies of large industries Revolutionism: The basis of the other 5 principles. According to the needs of the society, innovations required by the age and science are made as soon as possible.

Alexandru Ion Cuza (born March 20, 1820, Hushi, Moldavia - died May 15, 1873, Heidelberg, Germany) was the first prince of the United Romania. By implementing a comprehensive agrarian reform, he ensured the liberation of the peasants.. Coming from an old boyar family, Cuza studied in Paris, Pavia and Bologna. In 1848, he joined the revolutionary movement against the Ottoman-Russian domination in Moldavia (Moldova), his birthplace. After a while, he was promoted to colonel and entered the Moldavian Parliament in 1857. Despite the great powers' decision to keep the Romanian principalities as separate autonomous administrations, Cuza was elected to Moldova in January 1859 and to Wallachia (Valachia) principality in February 1859. Thus Romania was united in the person of Cuza; formal unification took place only in 1861. After Cuza received the title of prince, the French emperor III. Adopting the practices of Napoleon, he established a government based on popular vote, especially trying to gain the support of the peasants, whom he described as the effective power of the state.[1] In 1863, he expropriated vast lands held by monasteries in Wallachia and Moldavia. After dissolving the assembly (May 1864), he presented the provisions of the law that strengthened the executive power and expanded the right to vote. In August 1864 he implemented a large-scale land reform. With this reform, the peasants not only owned their own land, but were also freed from feudal obligations such as taxes and corvée. But the implementation was not entirely successful.

He is a Transylvanian Romanian lawyer who played an important role in the local chapter of the Austrian Empire Revolutions of 1848–1849. Avram Iancu was born in Vidra de Sus Transylvania, then part of the Austrian Empire into a family of peasants that had been emancipated from serfdom. Little is known today about Avram Iancu's childhood. It is known, by local tradition, that he had a typical moț character, joyful and witty and he had a musical talent, playing the leaf, alphorn, flute and violin. Avram Iancu became a law clerk in Târgu Mureș, and it was there that he learned about the events of March 1848 of Vienna and Pest. His attitude at the time showed the nature of the conflict that was to engulf Transylvania: while Iancu welcomed the transition, he was indignant at the fact that Hungarian revolutionaries (many of whom were landowners) refused to debate the abolition of serfdom.

ETWINNING PROJECT 2021-2022

This led to Emperor Rudolf II accepting Michael the Brave's audience and providing him with 100,000 florins to rebuild his army. Meanwhile, forces loyal to Michael in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia">Wallachia</a>&nbsp;led by his son, Nicolae Pătrașcu, drove&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83">Simion Movilă</a>&nbsp;out of Moldavia and prepared to reenter Transylvania. Michael the Brave, allied with Giorgio Basta, defeated the Hungarian army at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gurusl%C4%83u">Battle of Guruslău</a>. A few days later Basta, who sought to control Transylvania himself, executed the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination">assassination</a>&nbsp;of Michael by order of the Habsburg Emperor Rudolf II.

Name

Safari may block some audio or video from playing automatically and ‘read to me’ will skip these. You can configure this in Safari’s preferences.