DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH

OLD ENGLISH
ANGLO SAXON

PENERBIT :

PENULIS :

DWI ASTUTI WAHYU NURHAYATI
INEKE FAHILLATUL NI'MAH
WANDA PUTRI NURSINTA

2021

Anggota :

Didukung Oleh :

DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH
OLD ENGLISH (ANGLO SAXON)

Copyright @Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati
@Ineke Fahillatul Ni'mah
@Wanda Puri Nursinta

Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang – undang
All Right Reserved
 
Cetakan Pertama, November 2021
 
Penulis :  Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati
Ineke Fahillatul Ni’mah
               Wanda Putri Nursinta
Editor : Rahmat Yudha Putra
Perancang sampul : Ineke Fahillatul Ni’mah
Tata Letak : Wanda Putri Nursinta
 
Penerbit :
Yudha English Galery
Jl. Karangan Blok D No. 0, Komplek Untan, Pontianak
(www.yudhaenglishgalery.com)

ISBN:……………(EPUB)

Dilarang keras memfotokopi atau memperbanyak sebagian aau seluruh isi buku tanpa seizin tertulis dari penulis atau penerbit. Isi di luar tanggungjawab percetakan.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Table of content....................................i
Preface....................................................ii
Introduction......................................... 1
History of English.................................2
History old English Period...........3
History Old English literature......5
History old English Language......7
Dialect old English........................8
Old English Phonology........................10
Consonant.....................................10
Vowels Monopthong....................19
Dipthongs......................................20
Old English Grammar..........................22
Nouns.............................................23
Adjective.........................................34
Pronouns........................................35
Syntax.............................................36
Verbs...............................................38
Analyze song..........................................44
Quiz..........................................................46
Reference................................................50
About Author..........................................51

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Preface

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This Development of English book is designed to fulfill the task of the English Phonology subject for students majoring in English tadris at the State Islamic University of Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung, which contains a discussion of the history of the English language, ancient old English grammar with practice questions.

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History of English is important to study before studying any other English theory. This book is about Old English (Anglo Saxon) which was used before modern English existed. So that students can know and learn the history of English.

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To make it easier to learn and practice English history questions, look for books or search the internet and practice a lot of questions about ancient English and also read more. By reading you can add information / knowledge. The author also expresses gratitude to Allah SWT and several parties who have assisted in editing the material and training. Finally, the writer hopes that the readers can give suggestions so that this book can be developed.

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You may want to know what the purpose of this book is and what you can learn from studying this book. The important purpose of the contents of this book is to introduce people to the history of the English language, namely Old English or Anglo Saxon. Where Anglo Saxon is very important or influential in the English language.Old English or commonly called Anglo-Saxon or its Indonesian language is Old English is the language used by the Saxons, a nomadic tribe that often inhabits British lands. This book includes material on old English (Anglo Saxon).

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Anglo Saxon is the oldest recorded English language spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. The first works of Old English literature date back to the middle of the 7th century. Old English evolved from a series of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

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ntroduction

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You may want to know what the purpose of this book is and what you can learn from studying this book. The important purpose of the contents of this book is to introduce people to the history of the English language, namely Old English or Anglo Saxon. Where Anglo Saxon is very important or influential in the English language.Old English or commonly called Anglo-Saxon or its Indonesian language is Old English is the language used by the Saxons, a nomadic tribe that often inhabits British lands. This book includes material on old English (Anglo Saxon).

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Anglo Saxon is the oldest recorded English language spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. The first works of Old English literature date back to the middle of the 7th century. Old English evolved from a series of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

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istory of english

Definition old english

The Anglo-Saxons formed the basis of English culture, religion, and language and ruled England for 600 years. The term Anglo-Saxon refers to a group of settlers from the German regions of Angeln and Saxony who took over England after the fall of the Roman Empire. The Anglo-Saxons first introduced Old English literature in the fifth century. We refer to the years between 450 and 1066 as the the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. The Old English language, or Anglo-Saxon, is the foundation of Modern English, although if untrained Modern English speakers could hear someone speaking Old English, they would not be able to understand it. 

Old English – the earliest form of the English language – was spoken and written in Anglo-Saxon Britain from c. 450 CE until c. 1150 (thus it continued to be used for some decades after the Norman Conquest of 1066). According to Toronto University's Dictionary of Old English Corpus, the entire surviving body of Old English material from 600 to 1150 consists of only 3,037 texts (excluding manuscripts with minor variants), amounting to a mere three million words.
A single prolific modern author easily exceeds this total: Charles Dickens’s fiction, for example, amounts to over four million words. While three million words is not a great deal of data for a period in linguistic history extending over five centuries, it is enough to allow us to make a confident description of the linguistic character of Old English and to plot its evolution into Middle English. The development is most evident in vocabulary and grammar.

The transition from Old English to Middle English is primarily defined by the linguistic changes that were taking place in grammar, with Old English losing most of its inflectional endings, and word order becoming the primary means of expression. There is nonetheless a great deal of continuity between the grammatical systems of Old and Middle English. Word order was by no means random in Old English, nor was it totally fixed in Middle English. We can hear echoes of Old English word order even today. 

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History old English period

Old English – the earliest form of the English language – was spoken and written in Anglo-Saxon Britain from c. 450 CE until c. 1150 (thus it continued to be used for some decades after the Norman Conquest of 1066). According to Toronto University's Dictionary of Old English Corpus, the entire surviving body of Old English material from 600 to 1150 consists of only 3,037 texts (excluding manuscripts with minor variants), amounting to a mere three million words.
A single prolific modern author easily exceeds this total: Charles Dickens’s fiction, for example, amounts to over four million words. While three million words is not a great deal of data for a period in linguistic history extending over five centuries, it is enough to allow us to make a confident description of the linguistic character of Old English and to plot its evolution into Middle English. The development is most evident in vocabulary and grammar.

The transition from Old English to Middle English is primarily defined by the linguistic changes that were taking place in grammar, with Old English losing most of its inflectional endings, and word order becoming the primary means of expression. There is nonetheless a great deal of continuity between the grammatical systems of Old and Middle English. Word order was by no means random in Old English, nor was it totally fixed in Middle English. We can hear echoes of Old English word order even today. 

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The conventional dividing date of approximately 1150 between Old English and Middle English reflects (very roughly) the period when these changes in grammar and vocabulary begin to become noticeable in most of the surviving texts (which are not very numerous from this transitional period). In what is often called ‘transitional English’ the number of distinct inflections becomes fewer, and word order takes on an increasing functional load. At the same time borrowings from French and (especially in northern and eastern texts) from early Scandinavian become more frequent. All of these processes were extremely gradual, and did not happen at the same rate in all places. Therefore any dividing date is very arbitrary, and can only reflect these developments very approximately.

Anglo-Saxon literature (or Old English literature) encompasses literature written in Anglo-Saxon (Old English) during the 600-year Anglo-Saxon period of Britain, from the mid-5th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066. These works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles, and others. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, a significant corpus of both popular interest and specialist research.

(ANGLO SAXON PERIOD (450-1050))

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of early English history. The poem Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is one of the oldest surviving written texts in English.

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Anglo-Saxon literature has gone through different periods of research in the 19th and early 20th centuries the focus was on the Germanic roots of English, later the literary merits were examined, and today the interest is with paleography questions and the physical manuscripts themselves such as dating, place of origin, authorship, and looking at the connections between Anglo-Saxon culture and the rest of Europe in the Middle Ages.

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Anglo-Saxon literature (or Old English literature) encompasses literature written in Anglo-Saxon (Old English) during the 600-year Anglo-Saxon period of Britain, from the mid-5th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066. These works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles, and others. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, a significant corpus of both popular interest and specialist research.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of early English history. The poem Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is one of the oldest surviving written texts in English.

Anglo-Saxon literature has gone through different periods of research in the 19th and early 20th centuries the focus was on the Germanic roots of English, later the literary merits were examined, and today the interest is with paleography questions and the physical manuscripts themselves such as dating, place of origin, authorship, and looking at the connections between Anglo-Saxon culture and the rest of Europe in the Middle Ages.

History old english literature

Some of the most important works from this period include the poem Beowulf, which has achieved national epic status in Britain. 

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Old English poetry is of two types, the heroic Germanic pre-Christian and the Christian. It has survived for the most part in four manuscripts.

Old English poetry had no known rules or system left to us by the Anglo-Saxons, everything we know about it is based on modern analysis. The first widely accepted theory was by Eduard Sievers (1885) in which he distinguished five distinct alliterative patterns. The theory of John C. Pope (1942) uses musical notations which has had some acceptance; every few years a new theory arises and the topic continues to be hotly debated.
Old English poetry was an oral craft, and our understanding of it in written form is incomplete; for example, we know that the poet (referred to as the Scop) could be accompanied by a harp, and there may be other aural traditions we are not aware of.
Poetry represents the smallest amount of the surviving Old English text, but Anglo-Saxon culture had a rich tradition of oral story telling, just not much was written down or survived.

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Old English language, also called Anglo-Saxon, language spoken and written in England before 1100; it is the ancestor of Middle English and Modern English. Scholars place Old English in the Anglo-Frisian group of West Germanic languages.
Four dialects of the Old English language are known: Northumbrian in northern England and southeastern Scotland; Mercian in central England; Kentish in southeastern England; and West Saxon in southern and southwestern England. Mercian and Northumbrian are often classed together as the Anglian dialects. Most extant Old English writings are in the West Saxon dialect; the first great period of literary activity occurred during the reign of King Alfred the Great in the 9th century.

Old English is the name given to the earliest recorded stage of the English language, up to approximately 1150AD (when the Middle English period is generally taken to have begun). It refers to the language as it was used in the long period of time from the coming of Germanic invaders and settlers to Britain in the period following the collapse of Roman Britain in the early fifth century up to the Norman Conquest of 1066, and beyond into the first century of Norman rule in England. It is thus first and foremost the language of the people normally referred to by historians as the Anglo-Saxons.

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