debate topics

Stars pattern

EUROPEAN YOUTH IS DEBATING

A SPEECH WHICH CAN REACH eTwinning Project 2021

1a. HEALTH CARE sources

<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc)">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc)</a>

6d. DEATH PENALTY sources

<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45835584">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45835584</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment</a> <a href="https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/">https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/</a>

6f. DEATH PENALTY group 2 + bunch 12: Sebastián J. SVK, Matei C. RO, Gaia G. IT, Louise G. GER report:

Death penalty also known as capital punishment is the state-sanctioned killing of a person for a crime according to Wikipedia. Amnesty International recorded at least 657 executions in 2018 but estimates a much higher number. In 2019 there were 2,307 death sentences reported which adds up to 26,604 people having a death sentences in total in that year. The countries with the most executions per year are China followed by Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Egypt. The reasons for death sentences vary from each country but the most common one is intentional killing which is also the justifiable reason according to international law. There are 48 countries who retain the death penalty and 108 country who have abolished it completely.&nbsp;

2. ANIMAL TESTING + ANIMAL TESTING SHOULD BE BANNED. - ANIMAL TESTING SHOULD NOT BE BANNED.

Watercolor texture 3

7d. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES sources

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_adoption">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_adoption</a>

4h. FREEDOM OF SPEECH group 2 + bunch 19: Sophie S. IT, Melike Y. TUR, Sebastian S. RO

Here is our document . (Microsoft slides)

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation

bunch 19..pptx

Here is our document. (Google slides)

A Speech Which Can Reach

1f. HEALTH CARE sources

5d.DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET sources

<a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/14/eaay3539?intcmp=trendmd-adv">https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/14/eaay3539?intcmp=trendmd-adv</a> <a href="http://www.erudit.org/en/journals/informallogic/2018-v38-n1-informallogic04379/1057034ar.pdf">www.erudit.org/en/journals/informallogic/2018-v38-n1-informallogic04379/1057034ar.pdf</a> <a href="http://www.fallis_disinfo1.pdf/">www.fallis_disinfo1.pdf</a>

Craft paper border

10b. WAR group 3 + bunch 27: Kinga Z. IT, Gea K. CRO, Karl M. FR, Branislav S. SVK report:

War is always unjustified. _ War is justified in some cases. (1).pdf

By the word “war” we consider an armed conflict between two ore more collided sides. Each of them participates in this conflict for the sake of their interests. But when speaking of interests, we need to question ourselves “whose interest?”. As history tells, most wars were led because of small interest groups that led millions of lives to death exclusively for their own profit. Of course, this leads us to questioning the morals of these “interests”. We can’t evaluate the same way conquest wars, orientated on appropriation of foreign lands and e.g. civil wars, fought because of peoples’ dissatisfaction with the country government. Also, we have defensive wars, in terms when one side is attacked, and needs to fight back just for its own safety and the lives of its citizens. But in all examples that we can think of, one thing is for certain: every conflict is unnecessary and can be avoided by diplomacy, with a reasonable and open approach from all sides.

Clouds pattern

9d. DEVELOPMENT AID group 4 + bunch 36: Esma K. TUR, Nina U. SVK, Elisabeth G. GER, Constantin K. IT report:

There are differences between some countries, concerning the development. Should rich countries help developing countries or should everyone act alone?&nbsp;A big problem is that they are caught in a vicious circle where they can get out all alone. So they need help for example in their education system. On the other hand they have to find solutions concerning their economy for themselves, otherwise they will be in debt to rich countries. It can also be seen as a duty to the richer countries to help the developing ones, because in the times of colonization they were exploited by them. But if they help them financially maybe the rich countries will try to influence the political decisions from developing countries. At some issues we all have to work together, espeacially in the times of the pandemic and global warming. So rich and developing countries should’t be seperated.

Basic human needs Food - The body needs calories and a variety of nutrients including protein, fat, and carbohydrates everyday to grow, function, and repair. Without food, the body begins to atrophy. Water - Ample hydration allows for the processes of the body to occur. Without water the body cannot process food or remove wastes. Shelter -We require protection from blazing sun, freezing temperatures, wind, and rain. Without shelter, human skin and organs are damaged from extreme temperatures. Sleep - 6–9 hours of sleep every 24 hours allows the brain to process new knowledge and deal with emotional information. Without ample sleep we cannot learn new things or get past emotional pain. Others - Adults require connection (physical or emotional) with other humans to release certain hormones like oxytocin. Human touch is so important that when we are young, our brains don’t develop correctly without it. Regular connection to others allows us to maintain a sense of well-being that allows for self-care. Novelty - Novelty creates the opportunity to learn and the potential to fail, which stimulates dopamine release in the brain. Without regular novelty, motivation wanes and a healthy sense of well-being is lost. World bank- The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). David Hulme - is Professor of Development Studies at The University of Manchester where he is Director of the Brooks World Poverty Institute and CEO of the Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre HDI - The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development socio-economic - Socioeconomics is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how modern societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy.

9b. DEVELOPMENT AID sources

<a href="https://www.quora.com/With-the-US-in-such-a-state-both-morally-and-financially-is-it-time-for-Australia-to-align-themselves-with-China-and-the-Commonwealth">https://www.quora.com/With-the-US-in-such-a-state-both-morally-and-financially-is-it-time-for-Australia-to-align-themselves-with-China-and-the-Commonwealth</a>

5c. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET group 2 + bunch16: Elif Sıla O. TUR, Nina K. SVK, Jannes S. GER, Francesco C. IT report:

Digitalization came with many advantages. Humanity is using digital devices to assist in their daily lives. For example, the internet offers a great variety of information which makes it easy to research even from home. However, with its great variety of information the internet also offers false data which can mislead people and cause irritation. Up to now we can surely say that false information has become a relevant problem, especially in our historical period, which is based on the quality of the information we get. Some of us think that this problem must be solved as soon as possible, by limiting the freedom to let out the information without checking them, while others underestimate the power of disinformation on people, particularly in times of crisis. A recent example that we had for the power of disinformation is the assault on Capitol Hill, promoted by the ex US president, who divulged information about the illegitimacy of the new government, causing many arrests and some deaths. On the other hand, it can also be seen as a chance. Especially in terms of safety of personal data, it is to say that giving false information can be quite useful in order to protect yourself from spreading out your personal data throughout the internet.

7g. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES vocabulary

adoption noun the act of making a child a legal part of your family They gave their babies up for adoption. equality noun means having the same status, rights and responsibilities as everyone else Equality of opportunity is one of the aims of my life. inequality noun difference in social status, wealth, or opportunity between people or groups Capitalism leads to social inequalities and social injustices. law noun system of rules that a society develops in order to deal with crime, social relationships and business agreements. The end of the law is, not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom.

Narrow ruled paper

8b. School uniforms

School uniforms and dress codes: pros One of the biggest reasons for school uniforms to be mandated is to provoke the students to focus on learning instead of their looks. It takes their attention from unnecessary competition and redirects it into their studies. It also helps to ensuring the safety of the kids by making intruders easier to identify. School uniforms are also very affordable since usually parents buy a pair of them for their kids and usually use it throughout the whole year and maybe even further. And it makes preparing for school easier to, since less choices mean less time lost.

8. SCHOOL UNIFORMS +SCHOOL UNIFORMS AND DRESS CODES SHOULD BE OBLIGATORY IN EVERY SCHOOL. -SCHOOL UNIFORMS AND DRESS CODES SHOULD NOT BE OBLIGATORY IN EVERY SCHOOL.

3e. GLOBAL WARMING vocabulary

weather atmospheric conditions in the short term, including changes in temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, wind, and visibility climate the average of weather patterns over a longer period of time (usually 30 or more years) fossil fuels sources of non-renewable energy, formed from the remains of living organisms that were buried millions of years ago renewable energy energy that comes from naturally replenished resources, such as sunlight, wind, waves, and geothermal heat

THE END THANK YOU FOR YOUR COLLABORATION!

6e. DEATH PENALTY Group 3 + Bunch 28: Anton S. SVK, Rabia D. TUR, Mara I. RO, Adelphe S. FR report:

The death penalty remains a controversial issue in many governments and states all over the world. Death penalty refers to the sentence of death imposed by a court of law on an offender who has committed a capital offense. The death penalty is sometimes referred to as the capital punishment. Even though the words death penalty and capital punishment are used interchangeably in many contexts, some people believe that there exists a difference in the meaning of the two phrases. However, the difference in meaning is negligible. The death penalty is merely the imposition of a death penalty on a capital offender by a court of law, whereas capital punishment is the actual execution or killing of the offender after imposition of a death penalty. The death penalty should be differentiated from the extrajudicial execution. Whereas death penalty is imposed through conviction of an offender is a court of law, extrajudicial executions happen without the due process of the law.

4c. FREEDOM OF SPEECH sources

<a href="https://www.dictionary.com/">https://www.dictionary.com/</a> <a href="https://www.groupdiscussionideas.com/should-freedom-of-expression-have-limits/">https://www.groupdiscussionideas.com/should-freedom-of-expression-have-limits/</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/06/how-bright-successful-british-muslim-girls-were-lured-into-joining-isis">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/06/how-bright-successful-british-muslim-girls-were-lured-into-joining-isis</a>

On the other hand, there are many people aganist animal testing. One of the most popular arguments among them is that animals' bodies show different reactions for some kinds of medicines and treatments than humans. Most of the differences are rooted in physiological differences. For example, monkeys are immune to paracetamol which is deadly for human bodies. Some nutritions are harmless for people but toxic to dogs (chocolate, grapes, avocados etc..). Aspirin is toxic to cats and mice. Animals don’t get many diseases such as AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. Yet another argument is about ethical debates. Especially vegan activists set against that kind of experiments because of the painful processes they include. They uphold all creatures have the same rights to life. Animal rights activists don’t think laws protect animals mistreating enough.&nbsp; There are more ways for medical experiments namely cell cultures, computer models and volunteer studies. They are all cruelty-free and vegan. Europe, Israel and India have been already banned animal testing for cosmetics. General orientation of the world is going to choose vegan products day by day. Cruelty-free products market is growing and other experiment types are using more often compared to last decades.

5g. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET vocabulary

Misinformation: something that's stated as a fact but isn't true, especially if this is done on purpose. Purposefully: do something in a determined or deliberate way. Deceptive: something that is not what it seems. Ideology: a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual Resolution: being firmly determined about something Circumstances: factors or conditions that play a part in determining an outcome. Consider: to think about, look at, or judge. Hence: "for this reason" or "therefore." Disprove: prove that (something) is false. Vocation: something you know how to do––or what you do for a living.

4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH +FREEDOM OF SPEECH SHOULD BE MAINTAINED IN ANY CASE. - FREEDOM OF SPEECH SHOULD BE GENERALLY LIMITED.

1g. HEALTH CARE sources

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States</a> <a href="https://www.thebalance.com/universal-health-care-4156211">https://www.thebalance.com/universal-health-care-4156211</a>

We also think that it’s not justified because things can be solved differently and not with brutal fights. People should talk things through and also think about the consequences a war can cause. Treaties should have some benefits for both combatants. Many reasons why people start a war are because of:&nbsp; Power and prestige Economics Territorial gain Religion Equal rights Misunderstanding Freedom Safety

c7ad8c834 (2).pptx

<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/learning/why-is-freedom-of-speech-an-important-right-when-if-ever-can-it-be-limited.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/learning/why-is-freedom-of-speech-an-important-right-when-if-ever-can-it-be-limited.html</a> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights#:~:text=All%20human%20beings%20are%20born,in%20a%20spirit%20of%20brotherhood">https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights#:~:text=All%20human%20beings%20are%20born,in%20a%20spirit%20of%20brotherhood</a> <a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20170901161848419">https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20170901161848419</a>

4b. FREEDOM OF SPEECH group 1 + bunch 3: Julia D. SVK, EfsaIşıl Ü TUR, Samuele B. IT, Yann B. GER report:

Freedom of speech is fundamental to democracy. Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights guarantees - in addition to freedom of information and freedom of the press - the general right to freedom of expression, which everyone is entitled to. When freedom of speech is protected by laws, governments cannot compel your actions in such a way. You stay in control of what you say, in other words, you take the responsibility of your words and how those words are expressed to the rest of society. When a society operates in an area where free speech is given to all, then there is a more significant exchange of ideas that occur. It becomes almost impossible for those who are in power to suppress truths, which allows for progress to occur because people can learn from their experiences and perspectives of one another without worrying about the dogma of a “Big Brother” element in society, either corporate or government-based. Some people use their freedom of speech as a way to incite hatred or violence. Others use it as a way to create the potential for peaceful change. Providing facts to individuals while sharing your opinion can persuade them to consider your perspective, even if they do not agree with it at the time. When this is your top priority with this right, then you are less likely as an individual to use violence as a way to create change.&nbsp;

2a. ANIMAL TESTING group 4 + bunch 39 : Hatice Rana Ç. TUR, Ema T. CRO, Felix P. GER, Stefania D. RO report:

Animal testing is a process for examine posibly conclusions on the non-human animals. Most of the animal testings are making for the healthcare field, also cosmetic, clothing, military fields use animal testing commonly. Cats, dogs, fish, rodents,non-human primates are the most used animals for testing. Over 100 millions animals are tested in only US labs every year.There are lots of pros and cons about animal testing. Animal testing has an important position for biomedical researches and developments for people. Most of the treatments work in practice but they have to be tested on a living body. People use vaccines, medicines and therapies on animals before using them on a human body. Also that results are used for animals' diseases too . Animals’ life cycles are way shorter than humans, it gives scientists a chance to observe all the pros and cons over their life spans. Most of the countries have legal regulations about animal testing, and people who support animal testings think that laws protect animals from mistreating sufficiently.

7b. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES sources

Literature Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Adoption definition., <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/adoption">https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/adoption</a>(25.3.2021.). Brodzinsky D. and Palacios J. (2010). Adoption research: Trends, topics, outcomes, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247779819_Review_Adoption_research_Trends_topics_outcomes">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247779819_Review_Adoption_research_Trends_ topics_outcomes</a> (25.3.2021.). Donkor E., Nachinab G. T.,&nbsp;S. and Naab F. (2019). Perceived Barriers of Child Adoption: A Qualitative Study among Women with Infertility in Northern Ghana by Gilbert Ti-enkawol Nachinab, <a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2019/6140285/">https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2019/6140285/</a> (25.3.2021.). 15 LGBT Adoption Quick Facts | LGBT Adoption | Blog. (n.d.-b). Lifelong adoptions.,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.lifelongadoptions.com/13-lgbt-adoption/243-15-lgbt-adoption-quick-facts">https://www.lifelongadoptions.com/13-lgbt-adoption/243-15-lgbt-adoption-quick-facts</a>&nbsp;(25.3.2021.). Fettro, M. N., Lamidi E. and Manning W. D. (2015). Child Well-Being in Same-Sex Parent Families: Review of Research Prepared for American Sociological Association Amicus Brief, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091994/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091994/</a> (25.3.2021.).

3b. GLOBAL WARMING sources

<a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101#warming">https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101#warming</a> <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-warming-overview">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-warming-overview</a>

7e. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES group 2 + bunch 11: Amália D.&nbsp;SVK, Marija L.&nbsp;CRO, Alessia Bo. IT, Niklas H. GER arguments

Adoption by same-sex couples should be allowed. 1. It’s better for a child to have a family than to be raised in an orphanage. 2. Adopted children will probably be raised to be more understanding and accepting of people’s differences. 3. Homosexual couples can also provide a loving and safe environment for children in need of care and protection.

Adoption by same-sex couples should not be allowed. 1. The lack of maternal/paternal figures can damage a child's development. 2. Having a mother and a father teaches children gender norms used in their future socialization. 3. Social stigma related to same-sex couples could reflect on their adopted children.

8d. School uniforms sources

<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniform?fbclid=IwAR3FehCPiaF5CRdF-6bzGp25ZIqDTM_O__AW9sPWqg0wuLHjyadqmDrKw-I">School uniform - Wikipedia</a> <a href="https://school-uniforms.procon.org/?fbclid=IwAR1PRjOh8caKXv2URuEPaVkICIO8bp6LOqka2Bs7mYRzYngU57a3EtlncUU">School Uniforms - Pros &amp; Cons - ProCon.org</a> <a href="https://smartasset.com/mortgage/the-pros-and-cons-of-school-uniforms">The Pros and Cons of School Uniforms - SmartAsset</a>

3. GLOBAL WARMING +GLOBAL WARMING IS A COLLECTIVE ISSUE. - GLOBAL WARMING IS NOT A COLLECTIVE ISSUE.

7b. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES vocabulary

4g. FREEDOM OF SPEECH group 4 + bunch 33: Lubin L. FR, Poco D. RO, Matteo L. IT, Nina S. SVK report:

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction from the government. The term freedom of expression is usually used synonymously but, in legal sense, includes any activity of seeking, receiving, and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. Freedom of speech and expression has a long history that predates modern international human rights instruments. It is thought that the ancient Athenian democratic principle of free speech may have emerged in the late 6th or early 5th century BC. The values of the Roman Republic included freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents. England's Bill of Rights 1689 legally established the constitutional right of freedom of speech in Parliament which is still in effect.&nbsp;

Give access to food, water or better healthcare.&nbsp; Sometimes even the foundation for basic human rights, like the freedom of speech, is built. The main purpose of such assistance and investments is that living conditions and civil rights should improve. Another side effect is the improving relationship between countries. Cooperation of countries helps to align disparities between them. On the other hand, nothing is for free. If you look at the issue in a more financial point of view, it is obvious that a lot of the developing countries are falling into high debts. Although their debts seem to get less, as they are measured at the rising GDP of a country. The total amount of debts increases, but in relation to the GDP the debts seem to decrease. In fact, countries could get very dependent on their foreign investors. That would in consequence lead to high influence of foreign politics and could have their exploitation as a result.&nbsp; When accelerating the development process, the chance of building an own, unique society is often taken from countries. In fact, they are built up after the pattern of their investors. This can lead to heavy damage in their culture and way of life.&nbsp;

9a. DEVELOPMENT AID sources

<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_wudunn_our_century_s_greatest_injustice">https://www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_wudunn_our_century_s_greatest_injustice</a> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/03/world/in-rural-china-road-to-school-is-all-uphill.html">https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/03/world/in-rural-china-road-to-school-is-all-uphill.html</a>

8d. School uniforms group 4 + bunch 37: Sergen G. TUR, Ema V. SVK, Hannes K. IT, Domenik K. GER report:

A school uniform is a type of clothing worn by students primarily for a school or other educational institution. An example of a uniform would be: button - down shirts, trousers for boys, blouses, pleated skirts for girls with blazers. Uniforms can also be as simple as restricting colored shirts, trousers, ties or skirts. A dress code, on the other hand, is much less restrictive and it points on discouraging anti - social fashion statements. For example: you will be dress coded if you will wear ripped clothing like ripped jeans, or if you cross the limits of the amount of the skin that can be shown like T-shirts with bare shoulders, but it depends on the particular school or institution.

uniforms key role self-discipline judged self expression uniform policy drastic obligatory environment

7g. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES group 3 + bunch 29: Mirjam S. CRO, Roxana N. RO, Sanja S. IT, Lucie G. FR report:

Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons exists in many states of the Europen Union. Equality on the basis of sexual orientation was only acquired recently, with the 1999 Treaty of Amsterdam, which adressed discrimination on the grounds of nationality and sex. Still many members of the LGBTI community face discrimination by not having access to social benefits reserved for married couples, degrading treatment by neighbours, bullying, harrasment…&nbsp; Currently adoption by same-sex couples is legal in only 14 European countries, in other countries adoption in not fully permitted (some permit step-child adoption, which means adopting children of your partner) or not permitted at all. When laws granting same-sex marriage and adoption were put in action they were met with opposition by some political parties and religious authorities. For example, the Roman Catholic church, insists that same-sex marriage can’t be on the same level as a marriage between man and woman and can’t be blessed by God.

8f. SCHOOL UNIFORMS group 3 + bunch 30 : Petruta P. RO, Lucija V. CRO, Ebrar Y. TUR, Hana B. FR

Our google docs : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Mmfl-__mPa1TKXwN0RVEXGdE5vIsVdbZ_hjUDyt5Hkg/edit

VOCABULARY

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

bd75f2114.docx

5f. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET group 2 + bunch 18: Marko M.&nbsp;SVK, Irmak K. TUR, Rebecca P. IT, Eleonore R. FR

Disinformation on the internet is a problem because it has lots of side effects and it could have a bad result. We think it's a problem because it could involve many different parts that could get hurt or used as pawns. It can divide people into groups and break trust, which can lead to bad consequences and make people have trust issues in the future.&nbsp; It can make people believe things that aren’t true, particularly children that still have to learn and can’t express their opinion regarding an issue or understand things properly.&nbsp; It can make social issues bigger, which can cause different fights between those parts involved.&nbsp; Manipulation is easier and people use it to convince people to do something for them and it is a big contributor.&nbsp; So, disinformation on the internet is not a good thing and people should stop putting false things on the internet because it has lots of bad consequences for everyone that reads it.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Almost every type of animal is being tested on, but the most common ones are mice, rats, birds, amphibians and reptiles. In animal experiments, animals can be burned, cut, mutilated, poisoned, turned into addicts or alcoholics and also given diseases. Animal testing is simply cruel and often even ineffective. It can be ineffective because animals do not get the same or as many diseases as humans.

On the other hand, the same article of European Convention on Human Rights does not guarantee freedom of expression as “indefinitely” but accepts that free speech is also associated with duties and responsibilities and allows it to be restricted in some cases. Europe has lately been facing some difficulties concerning freedom of speech. And it mainly has to do with the question of “where does freedom of speech end?” and the different interpretations of the boundaries. In the following, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of free speech without limits. Of course, people should be allowed to express their opinions. It’s one of the basic human rights and secures a functional democracy. But the situation is quite different with the protection of freedom of expression from private actors, such as the operators of social networks. During the last years more and more European states are passing acts that obligate social media companies to fight hate speech (so for example xenophobic-, sexist- or racist expressions of opinion) on their platforms. A watershed is being made to limit the freedom of expression, and rightfully so. Hate speech has not been countered for too long and as a consequence, we have witnessed numerous acts of violent crimes of hatred, encouraged by disrespectful and degrading comments on social media platforms. An example is, the attack in a synagogue in Halle, Germany, in October 2019 which resulted in two deaths and was preceded by racially motivated, hateful statements on the Internet. Hate does not stay on the internet and therefore we have to encounter the European understanding of fundamental rights which are intended to secure "freedom for all".

5. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET + DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET IS A PROBLEM. - DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET IS NOT A PROBLEM.

5a. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET sources

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformatio">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation</a> <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/tackling-online-disinformation">https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/tackling-online-disinformation</a>

Who is to blame for global warming? In terms of industries, the biggest polluters are fossil fuel firms. A major report released in 2017 attributed 70% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions over the previous two decades to just 100 fossil fuel producers. On the other hand, China is the worst pollutant with 10.06GT carbon dioxide emissions (total). Then follows the USA with 5.41GT, then India with 2.65GT.&nbsp;

7. ADOPTION + ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES SHOULD BE ALLOWED. - ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED.

9c. DEVELOPMENT AID group 4 + bunch 37: Sergen G. TUR, Ema V. SVK, Hannes K. IT, Domenik K. GER report:

Improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of developing countries. Some people say that the governments of richer countries should take more responsibility for helping the developing countries in such areas. Today’s world has been divided into developing and industrialised or rich countries. The main difference between the two is how much the government spends on key areas such as education, healthcare, and commerce. Most developing countries are heavily in debt due to financial imbalances, which means poor health care, poor education systems and weak international trade. These will continue indefinitely unless rich countries show interest in minimizing global impact. However, these interests and support of rich countries may not bring long-term benefits to developing countries and they endanger their independence.

      It has become quite evident that more effective global environmental governance will be needed to adequately address climate change. A new environmental regime must be constructed with institutional capacities designed to respond to global-scale collective action problems in general and the specific challenges of climate change in particular.

5g. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET group 3 + bunch 28: Anton S. SVK, Rabia D. TUR, Mara I. RO, Adelphe S. FR report:

Disinformation is a type of untrue communication that is purposefully spread and represented as truth to elicit some response that serves the perpetrator's purpose. The relative anonymity of the Web and the affordability of creating websites have made it easy for people to post disinformation online. Sites developed for the purposes of disinformation typically share several characteristics. For example, such a site usually either has no clearly stated purpose or has little content related to its stated purpose. The majority of content on a disinformation site is usually related to a particular agenda, is likely to be very contentious and may contain blatantly false information that is easily disproved. Disinformation is nothing new. Prototypical instances include deceptive advertising (in business and in politics), government propaganda, doctored photographs, forged documents, and fake maps.

6a. DEATH PENALTY group 2 + bunch 13: Andrej J. SVK, Hüsna K. TUR, Matei P. RO, Paul B. GER&nbsp;

report:

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for a crime. The sentence ordering that someone is punished with the death penalty is called a death sentence, and the act of carrying out such a sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner awaiting their execution is condemned and is "on death row". The death penalty is a violation of fundamental human rights: the right to life and the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. It undermines civil relations in society and the dignity of the people that live in it.&nbsp;Capital punishment does not deter crime more effectively than other punishments. It is sometimes used disproportionately against the poor, minorities and political opponents. It is also impossible to ensure that innocent people are not executed: since 1976, 123 people have been released from death row in the USA after being wrongly convicted. The Council of Europe has made the abolition of capital punishment one of its main priorities. It has been fighting for 30 years to outlaw the death penalty across Europe and to make abolition a universally accepted value. As a result, no execution has taken place in the Council’s member states since 1997.&nbsp;Many countries, including Japan and the USA, still use the death penalty. The Council of Europe is committed to continuing its fight against this cruel and inhumane punishment until it has been completely

10e. WAR vocabulary

Just reason: Any legally valid reason,in a general and looser sense, justification. Dispute: A disagreement or argument. Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. PTSD (Posttraumatic stress disorder):&nbsp;PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that may occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, war/combat, or rape or who have been threatened with death, sexual violence or serious injury. Inflation: Inflation is the decline of purchasing power of a given currency over time. A quantitative estimate of the rate at which the decline in purchasing power occurs can be reflected in the increase of an average price level of a basket of selected goods and services in an economy over some period of time. Vacancy: An unoccupied position or job. Economic Stimulus: In economics, stimulus refers to attempts to use monetary or fiscal policy (or stabilization policy in general) to stimulate the economy. Stimulus can also refer to monetary policies like lowering interest rates and quantitative easing. Fiscal stimulus: refers to increasing government consumption or transfers or lowering taxes. Monetary stimulus: refers to lowering interest rates, quantitative easing, or other ways of increasing the amount of money or credit. Peace Treaty: An agreement to stop fighting a war.

methane a chemical compound that’s the main component of natural gas, a common fossil fuel source mitigation an action that will reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, such as planting trees in order to absorb more CO2 emissions greenhouse gases released into the air that are produced by numerous activities, including burning fossil fuels, industrial agriculture, and melting permafrost

5b. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET group 1 + bunch 10: Lucija V. CRO, Elif Ferzan Ş. TUR, Sokhna Maimouna M. IT, Paul B. FR

Disinformation on the Internet is a modern issue; it has been brought with the creation of the internet and notably the emergence of Social Networks. As information is going very fast on the Internet, lots of ‘’fake news’’ are also created. All information cannot be filtered and even if media are more and more implanted on the internet, trust in information isn’t put in the right sources, especially since that everybody can express itself on social networks. Traditional methods of acquiring information have nearly vanished to pave the way for social media platforms. It was reported in 2017 that Facebook was the largest social media platform, hosting more 1.9 million users world-wide. The role of Facebook in the spreading of fake news possibly has the biggest impact from all the social media platforms. It was reported that 44% of worldwide users get their news from Facebook. 23% of Facebook users have indicated that they have shared false information, either knowingly or not. The spreading of fake news is fuelled by social media platforms and it is happening at an alarming pace. &nbsp;It is known that disinformation is creating divisions, and pushing people on the extremes. Another kind of disinformation is the political show taking place on social networks. The diversion of information or an argument is now used for political purposes.

8b. School uniforms group 1 + bunch 4: Alaattin Y. TUR, Simona F. SVK, Irene C. IT, Bjarne H. GER report:

School uniforms and dress codes: cons Some students have been wearing uniforms their whole lives. Uniforms don’t have to be boring, however,a uniform limits creativity of students. School is a social environment where children can express themselves. Uniforms promote conformity over individuality. They may increase outside bullying and cause discomfort. Also, school uniforms are too expensive for parents who don’t have the resources to afford them. Dress code creates another expense parents must pay. Not just uniforms, even dress codes restrict a person’s freedom of expression. A study out of Virginia Tech found that there was, in fact, no effect on behavioral problems and abuse in the classroom.

9b. DEVELOPMENT AID vocabulary

assistance - the action of helping someone by sharing work &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- the provision of money, resources, or information to help someone aim - point or direct &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- have the intention of achieving&nbsp; healthcare - the organized provision of medical care to individuals or a community civil rights - the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality cooperation - the action or process of working together to the same end debt - a sum of money that is owed or due dependent - requiring someone or something for financial or other support independence - freedom to make laws or decisions without being controlled by another country, organization, etc. exploitation - the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work self-sufficient - needing no outside help in satisfying one's basic needs poverty - the state of being extremely poor

5d. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET group 4 + bunch 36: Esma K. TUR, Nina U. SVK, Elisabeth G. GER, Constantin K. IT report:

We can find a lot of information on the internet, but not all of this information may be correct. Some people use the internet to influence votes with the help from false information. Also, every person can post something on the internet, you never know, wich people you can trust.But blocking people who give you false information can protect you. Another point is that the Information can spread really fast on pages like facebook or instagram. But due to their fast spreading, they also can be clarified quickly. This is because of the use from social bots and algorithms. Espeacially for younger children its a thread because they don't know how to evaluate the given informations. It's also hard for them to difference satire-articles from true ones.On the other hand there are also serious and safe sources wich you can trust. For example Online Newspapers like the New York Times.

6. DEATH PENALTY + DEATH PENALTY SHOULD BE ALLOWED IN SPECIFIC CASES. - DEATH PENALTY SHOULD REMAIN ABOLISHED.

2b. ANIMAL TESTING sources

<a href="https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/arguments-against-animal-testing">https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/arguments-against-animal-testing</a> <a href="https://animal-testing.procon.org/">https://animal-testing.procon.org/</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing</a>

1f HEALTH CARE group 3 + bunch 22: Lasse P. GER, Metod M. SVK, Alessandro B. IT, Zeynep Beyza K. TUR report:

Healthcare is a valuable good, that is even included in the 25th article of the universal declaration of human rights and therefore should be provided for everyone. However, when it comes to scenarios requiring healthcare, people may experience financial barriers when trying to access health care services. Especially vulnerable and low- income population groups are affected.&nbsp; Free health care (FHC) policy aims to reduce these barriers by removing health care users’ fees. Instead, the fees will be paid by health insurances. The required money can be provided by the financial resources of governments, which would lead to an increasing taxation.&nbsp;

6a. DEATH PENALTY sources

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment</a> <a href="https://rm.coe.int/168008b914">https://rm.coe.int/168008b914</a> <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1S1tmjYFEUL5xKq_cWt8DbxMpnwZNd10GHZAj3ltGGRA">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1S1tmjYFEUL5xKq_cWt8DbxMpnwZNd10GHZAj3ltGGRA</a>

These days of pandemics have taught us the importance of sharing more than ever. If only the rich countries have the vaccine and medicine to stop this virus, it is impossible to win this war globally. Therefore, rich countries should not hesitate to spend some of their money to help countries to fight COVID19. Most of the developed countries and some developing countries have reached this vaccine but there are countries that have never been able to reach them. Another argument why rich countries should assist poor ones focuses on education. If the poor countries are financially supported by the rich ones to provide education especially to the girls, they will have better life standards and will never ever think of immigrating to these developed countries. Here is the story of a girl that Sheryl WuDunn mentioned in her TED talk (1). Dai Manju is a 13-year-old girl who lives with her family in a plumbing old house near Hubei, China. Her parents thought it was a problem to spend $13 a year so they took her out of the school when Dai Manju was in sixth grade. This is somehow a story for the New York Times (2) and most of the readers donated $13, but one of them donated $10.000 and New York Times gave this money to the school. The headmaster uses this money for the education of girl students, and now a lot of girls like Dai Manju go back to school thanks to this generous act of thoughtful people. Dai Manju finishes elementary school, middle school, and high school. She gets herself a good job and starts sending money to her family.

10f. WAR group 2 + bunch 18: Marko M.&nbsp;SVK, Irmak K. TUR, Rebecca P. IT, Eleonore R. FR report:

War should always be unjustified, but there is always a reason behind them. That’s why so many wars take place in this world. The most typical reason why this act happens a lot is that they (the two parties) all want to reach something.&nbsp;

4c. FREEDOM OF SPEECH group 1 + bunch 8: Aleaxandru V. RO, Esther M. FR, Tomas H. SVK, Zümral K. TUR report:

Humans have always been interested in storytelling. We can see this in the figures of cave paintings, national myths and legends. And these days, people still express themselves in various ways; from blogs to newspapers, they try to reach other people. Freedom of speech is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. It has been used throughout history and present times to express opinions about problems in America. Martin Luther King Jr. is a prime example of a man voicing his beliefs about what he thought was right. He used free speech to try and unite an entire nation. King was an admirable example of the use of freedom of speech. The first amendment covers more than just speaking; it's about actions, religions, press, protesting and much more. Many people abuse the first amendment by posting incorrect information or extremely biased articles on social media. With this, it causes much anger and confusion about problems in the world

2d. ANIMAL TESTING arguments

Animal testing should be banned: *Animal cruelty *Have also earned their lives&nbsp; *Medicinal products can also tested on humans&nbsp; *There are also alternative methods to test&nbsp; *Very expensive&nbsp; *Animals and people are never the same&nbsp;&nbsp; *Animals can’t give consent, while humans can. *AWA ( aka Animal Welfare Act) does not apply to rats, mice, fish and birds, which account for %95 of the animals used in research.

8c. School uniforms vocabulary

1d. HEALTH CARE group 4 + bunch 31: Ines B.&nbsp;FR, Sıla K.&nbsp;TUR, Sara B.&nbsp;IT, Rebeka S. SVK report:

Around the world, health experts have long debated the merits of a free health system; for some people, medical costs prevent access to basic health services. Compared to the criticisms, experts say that imposing health care fees on patients encourages the participation of communities in the health system and that these fees are essential for maintaining staff (doctors, nurses, etc.) and infrastructure that make up the public health system, such as hospitals… It is important to say that nowadays in some countries health care is considered a right, while in others you have to pay for it. For example: -in all countries of the European Union, healthcare is a universal right guaranteed by the state. Access to healthcare is therefore guaranteed for everyone, regardless of income;&nbsp; -instead in the United States, the national healthcare system is based on economics. In fact, in the USA, a citizen can only be treated if he or she has insurance coverage or has enough money for an operation, a visit or a hospital stay.

group 4 + bunch 38: Barbora V SVK, Fynn P GER, Jarek J IT, &nbsp;Yağız G&nbsp;TUR: report:

Universal Healthcare means that all individuals and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship. It includes the full spectrum of essential, quality health services, from health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. Universal Health Care enables everyone to access the services that address the most significant causes of disease and death, and ensures that the quality of those services is good enough to improve the health of the people who receive them. Protecting people from the financial consequences of paying for health services out of their own pockets reduces the risk that people will be pushed into poverty because unexpected illness requires them to use up their life savings, sell assets, or borrow – destroying their futures and often those of their children.

7f. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES arguments

Pros:&nbsp; more acceptance of LGBT community there is no huge difference to not same-sex couples Cons: only role model from one gender confusion of a child at the young age The child might be judged by other kids → hard youth prejudices and judgement

sources <a href="https://www.adoptionchoicesofkansasmissouri.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-lgbt-adoption/">https://www.adoptionchoicesofkansasmissouri.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-lgbt-adoption/</a>

9c. DEVELOPMENT AID sources

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country">Developing country - Wikipedia</a> <a href="https://connectusfund.org/20-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-foreign-aid-to-developing-countries">20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Aid to Developing Countries – ConnectUS (connectusfund.org)</a> <a href="https://www.developmentaid.org/#!/news-stream/post/80/80-2">Pros and Cons of Humanitarian Aid DevelopmentAid</a> <a href="https://www.ielts-blog.com/ielts-writing-samples/ielts-essays-band-8/ielts-essay-topic-rich-countries-should-help-the-poor/">https://www.ielts-blog.com/ielts-writing-samples/ielts-essays-band-8/ielts-essay-topic-rich-countries-should-help-the-poor/</a>

         Unfortunately, there are some people who abuse this freedom; they spread fake news and false beliefs. They insult people, offend communities and challenge governments. They create drama just to get some attention. Some even manipulate people for their personal profits. The worst is their targets are mostly teenagers and children. The best examples for these kinds of people are the fans of terrorist actions. As you may know, Islamic State is against using force while establishing. But what ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) wants isn’t exactly to give Muslims a warm roof above them, it’s to gain power. Unfortunately, the world can’t see that and they keep treating all Muslim people as terrorists because ISIS keeps writing blogs, tricking people to joining them and taking advantage of their beliefs.&nbsp;

2e. ANIMAL TESTING sources

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing</a>

<a href="https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/">https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/</a>

<a href="https://www.quora.com/Why-is-a-war-considered-unjustified">Why is a war considered unjustified? - Quora</a> <a href="https://blog.essaybasics.com/is-war-ever-justified-essay-sample/">Is War Ever Justified?, Essay Sample (essaybasics.com)</a> <a href="https://theweek.com/articles/449193/war-ever-morally-justified">Is war ever morally justified? (theweek.com)</a>

Uniforms play a key role in the development of a student 's sense of self-discipline, and their understanding of what is, and what is not appropriate for the workplace, where there will be judged by their appearance. Some say that a child in a school uniform is more likely to take school seriously. On the other hand, people say that uniforms limit a student 's self expression, but this is simply not true. Schools that have changed from no uniform policy to a strict uniform policy have seen drastic changes for the better in different aspects of school affairs. School uniforms should be obligatory for students because uniforms prepare students for the future, and bring benefits to a learning environment.

5h. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET

The Code of Practice on Disinformation lays out a set of worldwide self-regulatory standards for industry: ●&nbsp;The European Digital Media Observatory is a European hub for fact-checkers, academics and other relevant stakeholders to support policy-makers ●&nbsp;The Action Plan on disinformation aims to strengthen EU capability and cooperation in the fight against disinformation #The European Democracy Action Plan will develop guidelines for obligations and accountability of online platforms in the fight against disinformation ●&nbsp;The Communication on ‘Tackling online disinformation: a European approach’ is a collection of tools to tackle the spread of disinformation and ensure the protection of EU values ●&nbsp;The COVID-19 monitoring and reporting programme, carried out by signatories of the Code of Practice, acts as a transparency measure to ensure accountability in tackling disinformation&nbsp;

3e. GLOBAL WARMING group 1 + bunch 1: Sara B. SVK, Maria Š. CRO, Vincent M. GER, Matteo F. IT report:

Climate change is a topic of global concern, affecting every country in this world. Proven effects are for example an increase in temperature and natural catastrophes in many parts of the world. The main cause of climate change as we know it today is not, as we knew it in the past, changes in our universe and on our planet that affect the climate of our planet, but mankind. We burn coal and other fossil fuels while simultaneously cutting down trees to make room for agriculture increasing our footprint in nature through the greenhouse effect: it traps the sun’s heat inside our atmosphere, leading to the earth's temperature increasing, especially at the two poles, but also disrupting known systems of wind and water circulation on a global scale leading to natural catastrophes, hitting especially poor countries very hard. The temperature increase leads to the poles melting which increases the sea level, causin a massive loss of land, especially in regions like oceania and south-asia, where the population density is already high.

Today, freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognised in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Based on John Milton's arguments, freedom of speech is understood as a multi-faceted right that includes not only the right to express, or disseminate, information and ideas, but three further distinct aspects: ●&nbsp;The right to seek information and ideas; ●&nbsp;The right to receive information and ideas; ●&nbsp;The right to impart information and ideas International, regional and national standards also recognise that freedom of speech, as the freedom of expression, includes any medium, whether it be orally, in written, in print, through the Internet or through art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression.&nbsp;

8d. School uniforms vocabulary

obligatory - it is required by law, it is a rule that must be observed one - time investment - it is a bigger amount of money, that you have to pay restrict - put a limit on, keep under control restrictive - imposing restrictions on someone's activities or freedom

9d. DEVELOPMENT AID sources

<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02589001.2018.1486028?journalCode=cjca20">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02589001.2018.1486028?journalCode=cjca20</a>

9c. DEVELOPMENT AID vocabulary

assist - to give support or aid to developing - something is growing and becoming more mature and advanced economy - the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money -assist: to support those in need -developing: to work for better places -vicious circle: the constant repetition of behaviors that give the same negative result -colonial times: the desire of a state to spread or spread by taking other nations, states, communities under its political and economic sovereignty.

7f. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES

Vocabulary Healthcare System State-owned Tax Insurance Universal Affordable Equality Class (socio-economic) Same-sex Homosexuality Adoption Adoption centers Foster care Morals Adoptee Adoption agency Birth parent Legal guardian Custody Support Raising awareness Tolerance Judgement Law Gender binary Gay couple Heteronormativity

German Gesundheitssystem staatlich Steuer Versicherung Universal Erschwinglich Gleichheit Klasse (sozio-ökonomisch) Gleichgeschlechtlich Homosexualität Adoption Adoptionszentrum Pflege Moral Adoptierter Adoptionsagentur Leibliche Eltern Erziehungsberechtigter Sorgerecht Unterstützung Bewusstsein schaffen Toleranz Beurteilung Gesetzt Geschlechts binär Schwules Paar Heteronormativität

Italian Sistema sanitario Posseduto dallo Stato Tassa&nbsp; Assicurazione Universale Accessibile Uguaglianza Classe sociale Stesso sesso&nbsp; Omosessualità&nbsp; Adozione Centri di adozione Affidamento Morali Adottato Agenzie di adozione Genitore biologico&nbsp; Tutore legale Custodia Supporto Sensibilizzazione Tolleranza Giudizio Legge Genere binary Coppia gay&nbsp; Eteronormatività&nbsp;

Turkish Sağlık sistemi Devlete ait Vergi Sigorta Evrensel Ulaşılabilir Eşitlik Sosyal sınıf Eş cins Homoseksüelite Evlat edinme Evlat edinme merkezleri Koruyucu bakım Ahlak Evlat edinen Evlat edinme ajansı Biyolojik ebeveyn Yasal koruyucu Velayet Desteklemek Farkındalık oluşturmak Hoşgörü Yargılamak Yasa İkili Cinsiyet Eşcinsel çift Heteronormativite

Slovak zdravotný systém vlastnené štátom sadzba poistenie univerzálne cenovo dostupné rovnosť trieda rovnaké pohlavie homosexualita adopcia adopčné centrum pestúnska starostlivosť morálka osvojiteľ adopčná kancelária biologický rodičia zákonný zástupca väzba pomoc zvyšovanie povedomia tolerancia posudok zákon binárne pohlavie pár rovnakého pohlavia

10c. WAR vocabulary

innocent - not guilty of a crime or offence damage - physical harm that impairs the value, usefulness, or normal function of something self-defence - something you say or do in order to protect yourself when you are being attacked, criticized, etc. solution - a means of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation occupied - being used by someone

6b. DEATH PENALTY group 4 + bunch 40: Zehra G. TUR, Manuel M.A. IT, Lea G. SVK, Thomas B. FR, Charlotte G. GER report:

The ban of death penalty isn’t represented all over the world. In Asia, America and Africa death penalty was very popular until the 18th century. In the 18th century the population in Europe started to think about abolishing the death penalty, but we can still find death penalty in many countries over the world. In 2012 the most deaths were found in China, Iran and Iraq, about 4443 people at least lost their lives. The data isn't an official release for China but it is a rough estimate.&nbsp; Death penalty is found in different ways. The electric chair, hanging, stoning and decapitation are some of the ways to take a life. Since 1889 the electric chair was a very popular way of death penalty, especially in the USA. Today you can find this way of death penalty only in some states of the USA. Also hanging was very famous, especially in Germany, in times of World war II. In those times many Jewish people had to experience that in concentration camps.&nbsp;

developed countries/industrialized country- is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. developing countries-a developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. neocolonialism- the practice of using economics or cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence a country, similar to the old practise of colonialism but different because it does not require military occupation to be perpetrated. dependency theory-Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "world system". (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory</a>)&nbsp; IGO- An international organization (intergovernmental organization) is an organization established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own legal personality, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization and NATO. OECD- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 37 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.&nbsp; ODA-Official development assistance (ODA) is a category used by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure foreign aid. The DAC first adopted the concept in 1969. It is widely used as an indicator of international aid flow. It refers to material resources given by the governments of richer countries to promote the economic development of poorer countries and the welfare of their people.

2f. ANIMAL TESTING group 2 + bunch 11:Amália D.&nbsp;SVK, Marija L.&nbsp;CRO, Alessia Bo. IT, Niklas H. GER report:

Because of the common evolutionary history between man and the animal world a good part of our genetic kits coincides and, thanks to this, it is possible animal experimentation to identify cures and treatments to diseases of the human and animal species. Although there are methods to replace animal testing, it will never be completely replaced as there are international laws that prohibit the sale of drugs not previously tested on animals. It is thought that this is a completely cruel and unethical practice but it allows to save volunteers who would put themselves in potentially dangerous situations because they could cause new diseases.

google document:&nbsp; https://docs.google.com/document/d/1svsVsaOdyjAiVZiLVapcSANfz02DA8qDcfrA2FAxARU/edit?usp=sharing sources: <a href="https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/">https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/</a> <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101#causes">https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101#causes</a> <a href="https://www.ibtimes.sg/">https://www.ibtimes.sg/</a>

In our opinion every human being on our planet really has the right to enjoy good medical care regardless of gender, religion, political beliefs and other such things. Universal health coverage really means that everyone should be able to access high quality healthcare and healthcare without facing financial hardship. It means that individuals should have access to health services without being pushed into poverty or having impoverished costs because of it. It should be affordable for everyone. Which means not going bankrupt when you go to the hospital like in third world countries like the US. So the short answer is yes. I think it is possible health care should be free for all. Health is not something for commerce. It is a human right.

7a. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES group 4 + bunch 34: Lorena K. CRO, Leonardo F. IT, Nikol Š. SVK report:

bunch 34_Adoption by same sex couples.pptx

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)#:~:text=A%20cold%20war%20is%20a,Cold%20War%20of%201947%E2%80%931991.">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)#:~:text=</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)#:~:text=A%20cold%20war%20is%20a,Cold%20War%20of%201947%E2%80%931991.">A%20cold%20war%20is%20a,Cold%20War%20of%201947%E2%80%931991.</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war#:~:text=A%20civil%20war%2C%20also%20known,or%20to%20change%20government%20policies.">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war#:~:text=</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war#:~:text=A%20civil%20war%2C%20also%20known,or%20to%20change%20government%20policies.">A%20civil%20war%2C%20also%20known,or%20to%20change%20government%20policies.</a> <a href="https://www.learnliberty.org/videos/debate-war-ever-justified/">https://www.learnliberty.org/videos/debate-war-ever-justified/</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War</a>

Most of the African countries live in subhuman conditions because of the extreme poverty, upheaval, hunger, disease, unemployment, lack of education and both inexperienced and corrupt administrations. The devastating consequences of the AIDS epidemic in those countries could improve if the infected population were to receive free drugs to control the disease, have access to health professionals and get information on how to prevent its spread. But this can only be achieved through international help programs in which leaders of the world’s richest countries donate medicine and also send doctors and nurses to treat and educate those in need. Moreover, most of the poor countries rely on selling agricultural products and raw materials to rich nations and buying industrialized products from them resulting in a huge financial deficit. Consequently, they borrow a significant amount of money from the World Bank to try to improve their broken economies, but sometimes the money disappears with no significant changes and they cannot even pay the interest to the bank.&nbsp;

sources <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_aid">Development aid - Wikipedia</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid">Aid - Wikipedia</a>

5h. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET group 4 + bunch 33: Lubin L. FR, Poco D. RO, Matteo L. IT, Nina S. SVK report:

Disinformation is "verifiably false or misleading information created, presented and disseminated for economic gain or to intentionally deceive the public". Misinformation is verifiably false information that is spread without the intention to mislead, often shared because the user believes it to be true. The spread of both disinformation and misinformation can have a range of consequences, such as threatening our democracies, polarising debates, and putting the health, security and environment of EU citizens at risk. Large-scale disinformation campaigns are a major challenge for Europe and require a coordinated response from EU countries, EU institutions, social networks, news media and EU citizens. The Commission has developed a number of initiatives to tackle disinformation.

3h. GLOBAL WARMING group 1 + bunch 9: Rebecca E. RO, Fatımatüzzehra U. TUR, Lorena P. IT, Emma D. FR

Global Warming.pdf

2d. ANIMAL TESTING vocabulary

Animal Welfare Act: The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) requires that minimum standards of care and treatment be provided for certain animals bred for commercial sale, used in research, transported commercially, or exhibited to the public.&nbsp; Consent: Give permission for something to happen. Benefit: An advantage or profit gained from something.

5e. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET

     Disinformation is also something that can be used for censorship which makes fake news even more dangerous for the freedom of speech. By having an information basis made of disinformation you can´t make yourself a rightful opinion or a right view of the world. With that disinformation is a big problem on the internet but also in serious media like hastily boulevard media which want to take profit from their “extreme” news. Information has a big impact on our lives and is the basis to create our picture of the world and ourselves. To create a serious and truthful opinion it's important to questioning what you see in the media. Even if there is no special solution to the publishing and spreading of disinformation on the media, it is important that you think twice and research before making yourself an opinion on a topic!

We think war is always unjustified because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a fundamental wrong, but in some countries, that’s not that bad because those people are seen as heroes. On the contrary, we all learn from these wars and some people also take some good things or tricks for their next war. The United Nations are a big example of learning from war. From a war, we can learn to appreciate things when we have them because we never know when they might end.

3f. GLOBAL WARMING vocabulary with mental card

9b. DEVELOPMENT AID group 3 + bunch 25: Katarína P. SVK, Eren Sertay B.&nbsp;TUR, Stephania B.&nbsp;IT, Lennard K.&nbsp;GER report:

Should rich countries assist countries that are still in their development?&nbsp; To answer this complex question, you should keep some arguments in mind. First of all, when speaking of assistance, you are talking about mostly financial, but furthermore technological assistance. Even supporting the workforce or the education, with e.g., teachers etc. is a part of assistance.&nbsp; On the one hand you could approach the question in an ethical way. Every human being should have the aim to support his neighbours and all people that are in need. When developed countries invest in poorer countries, they want to accelerate their development process.

7b. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX COUPLES group 2 + bunch 20: Bruna V. CRO, Maria A.&nbsp;IT, Zeynep G. TUR, Pauline P. FR report:

Same-sex adoption Adoption is the act of taking another person's child into your family to raise as your own child (Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Adoption definition). The adoption of minors by people who are not biologically related to them is by no means a recent phenomenon (Palacios and&nbsp;Brodzinsky, 2010). Child adoption started as a way to preserve family lineage, secure inheritance, and forge alliances but has progressively evolved into a process for meeting the needs of adults who need children of their own. There are two forms of child adoption which include customary and formal adoption. Customary adoption is an informal transfer of the care of a child to another relative. In the formal adoption process, all legal requirements and procedures need to be met and followed (Nachinab, Donkor and Naab, 2019).

5e. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET sources

<a href="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-disinformation">https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-disinformation</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation</a> <a href="https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/divide-et-impera-art-disinformation-23149">https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/divide-et-impera-art-disinformation-23149</a> <a href="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-disinformation">https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-disinformation</a>

8c. School uniforms group 2 + bunch 20: Bruna V. CRO, Maria A. IT, Zeynep G. TUR, Pauline P. FR report:

School uniforms When we think about wearing a school uniform, we often connect that with private schools. However, more and more public schools decided to require them too. Therefore, in the past years, they have become more and more popular. The percentage of public schools implementing a uniform rule jumped from 13% to 19% between 2004 and 2012. But teachers, students, and parents often have a different point of view on the question if it’s a sensible idea to make it obligatory for students, what they should wear or if it would be better to let themselves make this decision?

Achieving Universal Healthcare is one of the targets the nations of the world set when adopting the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Countries that progress towards Universal Healthcare will make progress towards the other health-related targets, and towards the other goals. Good health allows children to learn and adults to earn, helps people escape from poverty, and provides the basis for long-term economic development. &nbsp; The problem here is the high price that the state would have to pay for such a large project. Many people would not have enough money to pay taxes and would rather take the risk of getting sick. In addition, the population would go to a hospital for little things and overload the health system. That would harm people who have a serious problem and need medical treatment quickly. Furthermore, statutory health insurance would be of a much lower quality than a private one. This could lead to serious problems when patients complain of sequelae.

5e. DISINFORMATION ON THE INTERNET group 3 + bunch 21: Jessica M. GER, Dávid M. SVK, Evra Y. TUR, Mauro F. IT report:

Disinformation on the internet is a very dangerous threat which becomes a bigger problem with uprising technologies and methods to manipulate the media. By taking on the look of the advantages and disadvantages of them it's clear to state that disinformation is mostly negative and is a big problem. Not only because they can spread misinformation but also because they can influence or think and opinion on important things. Research related to disinformation is slowly leading to classify disinformation as a cybersecurity threat due to its increase in social networking sites. Researchers working for the University of Oxford found that over three years the number of governments engaging in online disinformation rose from 28 in 2017, to 70 in 2019. On one hand, disinformation spreads like wildfire through the media and can cause panic or even fake news through that. For example, if someone manipulated a chat or a quote many people would believe it even if they don't have any knowledge about something or enough proof. It alters people's opinion without them knowing if the information they read or picture/video they saw is even true.&nbsp;This phenomenon is not just very dangerous because of the impact it can cause but rather because it improves over time in reason of better technologies or more believable faking methods (deep faking).

1. HEALTH CARE + HEALTHCARE SHOULD BE FREE FOR EVERYONE. - HEALTHCARE SHOULD NOT BE FREE FOR EVERYONE.

We think war should only be justified only when it is a defensive war and when they have a reason and that carries sufficient moral weight. Self-defence also can cause the casualties to decrease. However, self-defense only happens when an attack has occurred prior so it's still&nbsp; So, we as a bunch all agree that war is always unjustified because in the end no one actually wins and many lives are lost because of a fight.

3f. GLOBAL WARMING sources