major minorities

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But nowadays (2019) the population is 328,2 milion in the United States!

All those non-Hispanics immigrated to the US - the “New World” in order to colonize the US.

The other 37,3% were slaves, who were transported to the US, because of the big lack of people for labour-intensive work on fields for example.

1M. 2M. 4M.

Born: 04.02.1913 Dead: 24.10.2005 Cause of death: old age

She lived with her family and a teacher. Her father left when she was a child. She married Raymond Parks, a barber, who was member of the National Association for the Advancement of colored People, at the age of 19. In 1943 she started working as a secretary of said organisation.

Freedom riders are civil rights activists who rode buses into the southern US in order to challenge the decision of the supreme court, which led to the racial segregation in public buses.

Jim Crow Laws: Racial segregation was a common thing in Montgomery. Black people were allowed to sit in the row where the whites used to sit but if only one white person wanted to sit there, the whole row had to be cleared. Untill one day Rosa Parks stood up to these rules, but maybe, Rosa Parks could tell us more about this...

To listen to Maric‘s audio, go to his book

Paper texture

Martin Luther King&nbsp; (or "MLK", as he is&nbsp; often referred to),&nbsp; was a Baptist minister&nbsp; and an icon in the civil&nbsp; rights movement. Besides a lot of engagement in black rights politics, he led half a million people in a march on Washington. There he held a speech that made him famous to the world, his "I have a dream"- speech. It is about freedom, independence and peace between the people. Even though it is almost 60 years in the past from now, his speech is still frequently referred to and talked about in modern times.

It‘s a mixture of the West African language from the slaves and the European language from the colonial power or the power who ruled that island

Creole became the official language in Haiti and the Antilles

If you want to know what Creole sounds like, there is a video of a woman speaking it: <a href="https://youtu.be/uenm0EfrkTg">https://youtu.be/uenm0EfrkTg</a>

The British forbid their colonies to speak Creole

Yes the Caribbean Basin has a big colonial past and some are still colonies

The natives were chased or killed by savage dogs

The European heard about the wealth in the “New World”&#160;

The slavery and mostly British colonies went on until 1834

Mostly they all still speak English or Creole due to being colonised, but what is Creole?

Only in 1962, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago became independent

Charles Ball worked in cotton fields in the USA. He was a slave, as well as the majority of the others, who did the labour-intensive work there. Also children and mothers, who were forced to lay their babies next to the field for working, had to work hard for basically much discrimination and some money, just enough to somehow manage life. The conditions were derogatory. The slaves got less food and water than the whites and they got punishment for misbehaviour (even falling behind while walking back home was considered as misbehaviour). Everything was very strict and very much based on racial segregation.

Rosa Parks “the mother of the Modern-Day American civil rights movement“ “the mother of freedom movement“ set an important symbol in the campaign against racial segregation got arrested for sitting in the seat “for the whites“ -&gt;this led to the Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King Baptist minister and civil rights leader 1955: organizes the Montgomery bus strike 1963: leads 250000 people in a march on Washington 1968: assassinated Malcolm X Black nationalist leader born Malcolm Little, Nebraska 1925 1952: becomes a Muslim and changes name to X to show that he has no inherited African name to replace his “slave name” 1960s: makes a series of militant speeches 1965: assassinated

I have a dream by Martin Luther King, august, 28, 1963: <a href="https://youtu.be/smEqnnklfYs">https://youtu.be/smEqnnklfYs</a>

1964: awarded for the Nobel Price for Peace

Here‘s X‘s speech in New York in 1964: <a href="https://youtu.be/t54426kmKbc">https://youtu.be/t54426kmKbc</a>

-&gt;The woman who became the first African-American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature!

* 18.2.1931, Lorain, Ohio † 5.8.19, New York City, the Bronx -American college professor, book editor, novelist and essayist -first novel “The Bluest Eye“ was published in 1970 -“Song of Solomon“ was seen very critically and brought her national attention and she won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1977 -“Beloved“ (1988) got her the Pulitzer Price and was made into a film in 1998 -1993 she got the worldwide popularity by being nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature -2020 she was inducted into the National Women‘s Hall of Fame

Morrison wasn‘t afraid to say something about the politics and race realtions: -she compared the president Bill Clinton was being mistreated just like black people often get in touch with racism -due to the police brutality against black people she said:

Toni Morrison stood up bravely for the black people and successfully tried to show people their place in the community.&#160;

1. Introduction: Hello Tori! 2. US Population 3. Slave Trade 3.1. Charles Ball - a story from a slave 4. A colonial past 4.1 Creole 5. Black Power and #BlackLivesMatter 5.1 VIP files 5.2 Rosa Parks 5.3 Martin Luther King 5.4 Malcolm X and Black Panther Movement 5.5 Toni Morrison 6. What needs to change? 7. Multi-ethnic society 8. Sources

3 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20

(Sorry, I had to rerecord it like 10 times. It won‘t get better :/)

Columbus discovered San Salador (today: Bahamas) in 1492

He and the Spaniards wanted the gold and jewels from the natives

Native people were forced to bring it to them every 3 months

Much fertile land meant muscle work, so they needed workers&#160;

-It was a socialist movement of "black nationalism" in the USA -It founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, after Malcolm X's assassination.&nbsp; -It was intended to be a defense organization for the black population, but this radically changed over the years. They got in trouble with the state authorities, espacially the FBI -Orientation: anticapitalist, marxist, antiimerialistic, violent, militant

Tiny disclaimer: In this book, Tori will represent the author Sophia and also you will see: -much information about the US history, which will be presented as Tori‘s uni notes -Tori‘s personal opinion or her thoughts about these facts, mostly as audios or also as tiny speech bubbles or clouds of thought -videos or any other kind of links, which Tori likes to use to go deeper into some topics

<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Speaker_Icon.svg">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Speaker_Icon.svg</a> , accessed on 15.01.2021 Learning Englisch - Green Line New E2, S. 24 <a href="https://www.google.de/search?biw=1080&amp;bih=696&amp;ei=4BoDYOPrFtH8sAe694SwCA&amp;q=us+bev%C3%B6lkerungszahl&amp;oq=&amp;gs_lcp=ChNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwEAEYAjICCCkyAggpMgIIKTICCCkyAggpMgIIKTIICCkQsQMQgwEyAggpMgIIKTIGCCkQDRAeMgYIKRAWEB4yAggpMgUIKRCxAzICCCkyBAgpEApQAFgAYJUaaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEAoAEBsAEPwAEB&amp;sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp">https://www.google.de/search?biw=1080&amp;bih=696&amp;ei=4BoDYOPrFtH8sAe694SwCA&amp;q=us+bev%C3%B6lkerungszahl&amp;oq=&amp;gs_lcp=ChNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwEAEYAjICCCkyAggpMgIIKTICCCkyAggpMgIIKTIICCkQsQMQgwEyAggpMgIIKTIGCCkQDRAeMgYIKRAWEB4yAggpMgUIKRCxAzICCCkyBAgpEApQAFgAYJUaaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEAoAEBsAEPwAEB&amp;sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp</a> , accessed on 15.01.2021 <a href="https://www.google.de/search?q=charles+ball&amp;prmd=nsiv&amp;source=lnms&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwixhsWfx6buAhXI2qQKHbQ8BN4Q_AUoA3oECBMQAw&amp;biw=1080&amp;bih=696#imgrc=OoXipEUvjEUQSM">https://www.google.de/search?q=charles+ball&amp;prmd=nsiv&amp;source=lnms&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwixhsWfx6buAhXI2qQKHbQ8BN4Q_AUoA3oECBMQAw&amp;biw=1080&amp;bih=696#imgrc=OoXipEUvjEUQSM</a> , accessed on 18.01.2021 <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Columbus-Christopher-Guanahani-Engraving-Vanderlyn/dp/B07CGJ1GW4">https://www.amazon.com/Columbus-Christopher-Guanahani-Engraving-Vanderlyn/dp/B07CGJ1GW4</a> , accessed on 19.01.2021 <a href="https://www.google.de/search?q=rosa+parks&amp;prmd=ivn&amp;source=lnms&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiVrZiXgKvuAhUKA2MBHQZiDE4Q_AUoAXoECBUQAQ&amp;biw=1080&amp;bih=696&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=pML4KAgTc-YmHM">https://www.google.de/search?q=rosa+parks&amp;prmd=ivn&amp;source=lnms&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiVrZiXgKvuAhUKA2MBHQZiDE4Q_AUoAXoECBUQAQ&amp;biw=1080&amp;bih=696&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=pML4KAgTc-YmHM</a> , accessed on 20.01.2021 <a href="https://www.google.de/search?q=rosa+parks+casket+uscapitol&amp;tbm=isch&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiz-s-YgKvuAhXJk6QKHSOCDS0Q2-cCegQIABAC&amp;oq=rosa+parks+casket+uscapitol&amp;gs_lcp=ChJtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1pbWcQAzIECB4QCjoICAAQsQMQgwE6BAgAEEM6AggAOgQIABAeOggIABAFEB4QEzoICAAQCBAeEBM6BQgAEM0CUK9OWI_OAWDS0AFoAHAAeACAAY8BiAG_DJIBBDE4LjGYAQCgAQHAAQE&amp;sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-img&amp;ei=r2MIYPPmG8mnkgWjhLboAg&amp;bih=696&amp;biw=1080&amp;prmd=ivn#imgrc=U7cee7TaiYJxlM">https://www.google.de/search?q=rosa+parks+casket+uscapitol&amp;tbm=isch&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiz-s-YgKvuAhXJk6QKHSOCDS0Q2-cCegQIABAC&amp;oq=rosa+parks+casket+uscapitol&amp;gs_lcp=ChJtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1pbWcQAzIECB4QCjoICAAQsQMQgwE6BAgAEEM6AggAOgQIABAeOggIABAFEB4QEzoICAAQCBAeEBM6BQgAEM0CUK9OWI_OAWDS0AFoAHAAeACAAY8BiAG_DJIBBDE4LjGYAQCgAQHAAQE&amp;sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-img&amp;ei=r2MIYPPmG8mnkgWjhLboAg&amp;bih=696&amp;biw=1080&amp;prmd=ivn#imgrc=U7cee7TaiYJxlM</a> , accessed on 20.01.2021 <a href="https://greenlightrights.com/de/ikone/martin-luther-king-jr/">https://greenlightrights.com/de/ikone/martin-luther-king-jr/</a> , accessed on 20.01.2021 <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/05/the-legacy-of-malcolm-x/308438/">https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/05/the-legacy-of-malcolm-x/308438/</a> , accessed on 20.01.2021 <a href="https://www.ivoox.com/black-power-episodio-11-02-12-2019-audios-mp3_rf_44999665_1.html">https://www.ivoox.com/black-power-episodio-11-02-12-2019-audios-mp3_rf_44999665_1.html</a> , accessed on 20.01.2021 <a href="https://www.idowa.de/inhalt.nach-dem-gewaltsamen-tod-von-george-floyd-waere-ein-solcher-fall-auch-in-deutschland-moeglich.f8cdc19a-f286-44ab-87fa-ff94322e1a39.html">https://www.idowa.de/inhalt.nach-dem-gewaltsamen-tod-von-george-floyd-waere-ein-solcher-fall-auch-in-deutschland-moeglich.f8cdc19a-f286-44ab-87fa-ff94322e1a39.html</a> , accessed on 20.02.2021 <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison</a> , accessed on 20.02.2021 <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/133203b6-b9c5-11e9-8a88-aa6628ac896c">https://www.ft.com/content/133203b6-b9c5-11e9-8a88-aa6628ac896c</a> , accessed on 20.01.2021 <a href="https://www.mecknc.gov/news/Pages/Mecklenburg-County-Celebrates-Black-History-Month.aspx">https://www.mecknc.gov/news/Pages/Mecklenburg-County-Celebrates-Black-History-Month.aspx</a> , accessed on 20.01.2021 <a href="https://www.masstransitmag.com/directory/company/21149587/city-of-montgomery">https://www.masstransitmag.com/directory/company/21149587/city-of-montgomery</a> , accessed on 24.01.2021 <a href="https://www.diepresse.com/1339380/rosa-parks-wie-eine-busfahrt-die-usa-veranderte">https://www.diepresse.com/1339380/rosa-parks-wie-eine-busfahrt-die-usa-veranderte</a> , accessed on 24.01.2021 <a href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/history/african-american-heroes/rosa-parks/">https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/history/african-american-heroes/rosa-parks/</a> , accessed on 24.01.2021 <a href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/tod-eines-buergerrechtlers.724.de.html?dram:article_id=99073">https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/tod-eines-buergerrechtlers.724.de.html?dram:article_id=99073</a> , accessed on 24.01.2021 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X#/media/File:Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X#/media/File:Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg</a> , accessed on 24.01.2021 <a href="https://www.stern.de/kultur/film/malcolm-x--netflix-doku-warf-fragen-auf---wird-der-fall-neu-aufgerollt--9131646.html">https://www.stern.de/kultur/film/malcolm-x--netflix-doku-warf-fragen-auf---wird-der-fall-neu-aufgerollt--9131646.html</a> , accessed on 24.01.2021 <a href="https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/stanley-nelson-reveals-the-real-black-panther-party/">https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/stanley-nelson-reveals-the-real-black-panther-party/</a> , accessed on 05.02.2021

...and what can the younger generation do about racial segregation?

For this part, we prepared a short interview with:

To listen to Quentin’s audio, go to his book

In jail, he met E. Muhammad, the head of the Nation of Islam. Soon after, he changed his last name to "X" to reject his "slave" name.

*19.05. '25 as Malcom Little in Omaha, NE&nbsp; † 21.02. '65 as El Hajj Malik el-Shabazz in NYC&nbsp; Cause of death: Assassination

After being released from jail, he became minister of Mosque No. 7 in Harlem. With his help, the Nation of Islam grew x10 in eight years. He was the opposite of the nonviolent MLK, as his approach was "by any means necessary".

Malcolms family moved in his very early life, after his father faced threats by the Ku-Klux-Klan. His father was then murdered in 1931, though the authorities claimed his death was an accident.

He left the Nation of Islam in 1963 after he claimed that JFK's assassination was "the chickens coming home to roost". A few months later, he underwent a spiritual transformation in Mecca and went home to the USA with a new name.

At age 6, little Malcolm was put into a foster home and later dropped out of school. He began dealing drugs went to jail at the age of 21.

Mugshot of X, followed by his arrest for larceny

In 1964 he founded the Organization of Afro-Anerican Unity (OAAU) and, being a new self, identified racism and not the white race as the enemy.&nbsp; In 1965, he was assassinated by a black muslim at a rally. He actually had predicted his early death and the fact that he would be more important postmortem.

In the US history, there were of course many very important persons, but in the year 2020 something grew increasingly again..

..The #BlackLivesMatter movement was a big movement of protests against the unfortunately widespread police brutality in the USA and the general violence and discrimination against black people. Mainly the younger generation made it that big by spreading and supporting the hashtag, many of the organizations and #blackouttuesday, where everybody had the possibility to participate by posting a completely black picture. 

The famous hand, which become the symbol for #BlackLivesMatter

George Floyd is probably the most popular victim in connection with BLM. “I can‘t breath“ - his last words before he had to die due to an white police officer - could be seen in basically every news show, that‘s how the BLM movement got it‘s popularity back again. The video below also show‘s more detailed information about George Floyd.

Here‘s a more detailed video about the history of BLM: <a href="https://youtu.be/YG8GjlLbbvs">https://youtu.be/YG8GjlLbbvs</a>

Here you can also learn about the problems with Trump and BLM and the discriminating hashtags #AllLivesMatter ad so on

In our last uni lecture we thought about the pro‘s and con‘s of an multi-ethnic society. There are the notes I made, based on the ideas of all the seminar participants:

This is Tori. She‘s 19, lives in New York and studies US history. She‘ll lead you through this book, tell you about her and her life and educate you at the same time a little bit about the US history and population, racism and so on.

Yes, I can remember that the USA had much fertile land in the south- east&#160;

Name

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