The Space Race

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Sources Continued

Callisto <a href="https://www.planetsforkids.org/moon-callisto-moon.html">https://www.planetsforkids.org/moon-callisto-moon.html</a> <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/callisto/in-depth/">https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/callisto/in-depth/</a> Triton <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/neptune-moons/triton/in-depth/">https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/neptune-moons/triton/in-depth/</a> <a href="https://www.space.com/weird-neptune-moon-triton-nasa-trident-mission-concept.html">https://www.space.com/weird-neptune-moon-triton-nasa-trident-mission-concept.html</a> <a href="https://www.planetary.org/worlds/triton#:~:text=It's%20cold%20and%20dim%20in,off%20the%20icy%20world's%20surface">https://www.planetary.org/worlds/triton#:~:text=It's%20cold%20and%20dim%20in,off%20the%20icy%20world's%20surface</a>.&nbsp; Venus <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/in-depth/">https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/in-depth/</a> Enceladus <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/enceladus/in-depth/">https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/enceladus/in-depth/</a> <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/">https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQSagzssvUQ">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQSagzssvUQ</a> Enceladus video <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/methane-detected-enceladus-may-be-biological-origin-180978132/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/methane-detected-enceladus-may-be-biological-origin-180978132/</a> <a href="https://www.planetary.org/worlds/enceladus">https://www.planetary.org/worlds/enceladus</a>

Europa

This is a space race to find out the champion of these planets for which one could sustain life the best. The criteria we used for measuring were liquid, an energy source, and chemicals. These are the elements needed to sustain life.&nbsp; 	Water dissolves nutrients and carries chemicals for the cells.&nbsp;An energy source, like sun for the earth, is also needed to keep life going. Chemicals like hydrogen and oxygen are needed on earth to sustain life, so other planets also need chemicals to create life.

Introduction

	Europa is a moon of Jupiter. It has a salty ocean under its crust and chemicals that would have to create energy because it is too far away from the sun.&nbsp;

Mason was seven years old at the time of publishing this book. He is interested in many scientific topics and loves to read fiction and non-fiction. He lives in the Bay Area with his younger brother, his parents, and his two dogs. 

This book was made in collaboration with Maya Sissoko, founder of Whole Child Education - a highly personalized and collaborative education platform for creative and self-motivated youth. Creativity, curiosity, and community are the values at the core of all of our work. To learn more about us, please visit: <a href="https://www.wholechildedu.com/">https://www.wholechildedu.com/</a>

Dedicated to all readers everywhere

Table of Contents Space Race Planet Information Chart Introduction Europa Moon Titan Callisto Triton Mars Venus Enceladus Conclusion Sources

Enceladus Continued... 	Phosphorous is found under the ice in the ocean. If phosphorous is found then there must be the six elements needed for life which include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur.

Conclusion

We started this study by learning about atoms, which led to talking about life, and then wondering if life could exist on other planets. Then we made the space race to help us know which ones could sustain life better than the rest. 	We learned that it is Enceladus that has more potential for life than all of the other eight space objects we looked at for this space race.

Moon

	The moon has a very thin atmosphere called an exosphere. It has no liquid water as far as we know, which makes it inhospitable to humans.

A Theory about How the Moon was Formed Something really big hit Earth (about the size of Mars) and part of it came off to become the moon. Scientists think this because it is made of the same materials as Earth.

Venus

Enceladus

	Venus is the same size as Earth but that's about all they have in common. It's around 900 degrees Fahrenheit on the ground. Being close to the sun as an energy source isn't the only reason it's so hot. The atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide, which traps the heat and doesn't let it escape the way it does on Earth. Since it has no water, it can't cool down the lava from the volcanos and turn it into rock like on Earth. 

	Enceladus is the sixth largest moon of Saturn. There are 83 total moons and 63 are confirmed at this time. Sunlight is reflected so much off of Enceladus because it is covered with white ice. The surface temperature is minus 330 degrees Fahrenheit but there is warm ocean water deep under the miles of ice.

Sources

Europa <a href="https://europa.nasa.gov/why-europa/overview/">https://europa.nasa.gov/why-europa/overview/</a> <a href="https://europa.nasa.gov/why-europa/ingredients-for-life/">https://europa.nasa.gov/why-europa/ingredients-for-life/</a> <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/">https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/</a> Earth's Moon <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/overview/">https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/overview/</a> <a href="https://nineplanets.org/kids/the-moon/#:~:text=The%20Moon%20is%20the%20fifth,Earth%20once%20every%2027%20days">https://nineplanets.org/kids/the-moon/#:~:text=The%20Moon%20is%20the%20fifth,Earth%20once%20every%2027%20days</a>.&nbsp; Mars <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/is-mars-habitable-we-asked-a-nasa-scientist-episode-2">https://www.nasa.gov/feature/is-mars-habitable-we-asked-a-nasa-scientist-episode-2</a> <a href="https://www.space.com/16903-mars-atmosphere-climate-weather.html">https://www.space.com/16903-mars-atmosphere-climate-weather.html</a> <a href="http://tomatosphere.letstalkscience.ca/Resources/library/ArticleId/5421/is-there-enough-light-on-mars-to-grow-plants.aspx">http://tomatosphere.letstalkscience.ca/Resources/library/ArticleId/5421/is-there-enough-light-on-mars-to-grow-plants.aspx</a> Titan <a href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/space/article/alien-sea">https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/space/article/alien-sea</a> <a href="https://www.universetoday.com/143055/how-habitable-is-titan-nasa-is-sending-the-titan-dragonfly-helicopter-to-find-out/">https://www.universetoday.com/143055/how-habitable-is-titan-nasa-is-sending-the-titan-dragonfly-helicopter-to-find-out/</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW7enC5os_w">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW7enC5os_w</a> How habitable is Titan video <a href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/space/article/alien-sea">https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/space/article/alien-sea</a> Titan slideshow

Titan

Callisto

	Titan is one of Saturn's 83 moons. For energy, there could possibly be sun and wind. Some of the chemicals on Titan are ammonia and hydrogen. Under the surface is h2o (water).

	There is no energy source on Callisto that could sustain life as we know it. There is a thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide and oxygen. There is a salty ocean under the surface. Overall, Callisto is not very hospitable to life as we know it.

Triton

Mars

	Triton is the biggest of Neptune's 14 moons according to an article from the Planetary Society website. It orbits in the opposite direction from other objects in our solar system. Volcanos on Triton are icy. The surface is covered with frozen nitrogen and there might be a liquid ocean under the surface. Triton has 900 times less sunlight than Earth. It is not hospitable to life as we know it so far. 

	Mars has two satellites named Phobos and Deimos. Mars has water in the polar areas in the form of water-ice. The problem is that the atmosphere on Mars is a hundred times smaller than Earth's, so cold water would turn to ice and warm water would vaporize. There is very little oxygen, a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2), and little nitrogen. Human beings cannot live on Mars easily at this point.

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