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Assimilation and Yorkshire

Assimilation &amp; Yorkshire Copyright @ 2021 Nanda , Finka AII rights reserved English Ianguage copyright @ 2021 Yudha English Galery Penulis : Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati, Nanda Lia Fatimah, Mutiara Alea Safinka Editor : Hilda Rakerda Perancang Sampul : Nanda Iia Fatimah &amp; Mutiara Alea Safinka Tata Letak : Nanda Lia Fatimah &amp; Mutiara Alea Safinka Penerbit : Yudha English Galery JI. Karangan Blok D No.0, Komplek Untan, Pontianak (www. yudhaenglishgalery.com) +6285252141648 director@yudhaenglishgalery.com

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PEFACE.......................................................7 CHAPTER 1 ASSIMILATION....................8 PART 1 DEFINITION..................................10 PART 2 MANNER OF ASSIMILATION&nbsp;&nbsp;.... 13 PART 3 FORM OF ASSIMILATION........... 20 PART 4 TYPE OF ASSIMILATION..............24 PART 5 EXERCISES 1.................................29 CGAPTER 2 YORKSHIRE..........................30 PART 1 DEFINITION..................................32 PART 2 LEARNIING THE BASICS .............34 PART 4 USSING COMMON WORT...........40 PART 4 SAYING POPULAR PHARASES.....48 PART 5 .......................................................56 PART 6 EXERCISES 2..................................59 REFENCE.................................................... 62 ABOUT THE AUTHOR................................68

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Assimilation is an everyday occurence in every human language, and it is particulary common for nasal sound. Making a sound more like another in the same or next word in continous utterance is called assimilation.

PENULIS : DWI ASTUTI WAHYU NURHAYATI MUTIARA ALEA SAFINKA NANDA LIA FATIMAH 2021

" In order to succeed, we must first believe that we can. " ~nikos kazantzakis~

A county in northern England, Yorkshire encompasses the cities of Leeds, York, Hull and Wakefield. The history of the county extends thousands of years back, and it’s this long ancestry that has made the Yorkshire accent one of the most distinctive in the country.

The Yorkshire dialect arguably contains some of the most obvious traces of Old English out of any British dialect. Anyone not familiar with it might be rather confused by two words which crop up frequently: owt and nowt. No, these aren’t noises you make when you accidentally walk into a door on your way out of the pub, rather the Yorkshire variants of “anything” and “nothing” respectively.

Much of the Yorkshire dialect has its roots in Old English and Old Norse, and is called Broad Yorkshire or Tyke. Rather confusingly, someone born and bred in Yorkshire is also called a tyke.

Assimilation ‎of ‎sounds‎ doesn’t ‎always‎ occur ‎completely.‎ Sometimes,‎ sounds‎ partially assimilate with the surrounding sounds that the influenced sound acquires some properties from other sounds. In other words, partial assimilation involves just one feature of a segment. Partial assimilation can also refer to another assimilation which is called contact assimilation in which the two sounds involved are directly adjacent.

B. Partial Assimilation

the phrase 'ten pikes' is pronounced as /tembaiks/ instead of /ten baiks/ in colloquial speech. Here, the alveolar sound /n/ changes to /m/ which is a bilabial sound under the influence of/b/ which is also a bilabial ‎sound.”

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1. What is yorkshire ? a. Yorkshire is a county in eastren england b. Yorkshire is a county in northen england c. Yorkshire is a county in southern england 2. What is called when someone born and bread in yorkshire? a. Tyke b. Lake c. Take 3. How to pronounce the word " apron "in yorkshire dialect ? a. Ay-pron b. A-pron c. Ae- pron

4. What do you say in yorkshire dialect when you're feeling pround, happy, or pleased? a."I'm chuffed t'bits !" b."I'm happy !" c."I'm happy !" 5." I always make the holiday schedule". How to say this sentence in yorkhsire dialect ? a. I always make the 'oliday schedule b. I allus make't holiday schedule c. I allus make't oliday schedule

3.&nbsp;Say yes to something by saying “aye”. “Aye” is pronounced like the word “eye”. If someone asks you a question and your answer is yes, you would say "aye".&nbsp;

4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use “allus” instead of “always”. People Yorkshire folk shorten "always" and blend the middle of the word together so it sounds like "allus".

For example, if someone asked if you wanted a slice of cake, you could say “aye” if you were interested. "Aye, I'll 'ave a drink", means "Yes, I'll have a drink".

For example, if your boss said to you “you're allus late for work”, you'd probably want to start being on time more. "I'll always love you" would be "I'll allus love you".

4.&nbsp;Drop the words “the” and “to” from your vocabulary. People in the county of Yorkshire replace these two words with a simple "t" sound, like the sound at the beginning of the words tiger and tomato. The "t" sound should be quick and barely perceptible.

For example, instead of saying “I love the mall”, you would say “I love’t mall”. It should sound like "I love-tuh mall”. If you were going fishing, you would say “I’m goin’ t’fish”. It would sound like "I'm goin' tuh-fish”.

"The secret of success is learning how to use pain and pleasure instead of having pain and pleasure use you. If you do that, you're in control of your life. If you don't, life controls you." Tony Robbins

Alhamdulillahirobbil'alamin.. we say thanks to Allah SWT. because of the abundance of His mercy and grace so that we can complete the book "ASSIMILATION &amp; YORKSHIRE". Don't forget to give Sholawat and Salam to the great prophet Muhammad SAW, whom we look forward to for intercession on the last day We also express our gratitude to those who have helped, guided, and supported the compilation of the book "ASSIMILATION &amp; YORKSHIRE" so that it can provide a bit of understanding about the material we discuss in it. This "Intensive Listening Comprehension" book is prepared to make it easier for teacher/lecturer. This book was design with key answer to teach English Listening. This book is packed with various forms of exercises with key answer in it which are expected to be interesting and not boring. This book is equipped with audio, making it easy to play audio and their text. This book is just written by someone who is not free from mistakes. Therefore, we really need criticism from readers to improve it.

“Successful people don't fear failure but understand that it's necessary to learn and grow from." – Robert Kiyosaki

"There are three constans in life... change, choice and principles." ~Stephen Covey ~

This word will be very familiar to fans of Emmerdale, as a favourite utterance by most of the characters in the early days of the soap, in particular Amos Brealry and Annie Sugden. It means ‘perhaps’ or ‘possibly’ and is often preceded by ‘Aye’ (yes) as in ‘Aye, ‘appen’. Other useful Yorkshire phrases include ‘Appen that’s it’ (that’s possibly true) and ‘Appen as not an maybe’ (you’re probably right).

This is often heard when friends greet each other and is used like a casual ‘hello’ or ‘hi’. Another way to say hello in Yorkshire would be ‘Eh up’.

Middlin’, Nobbut Middlin’, Fair t’ Middlin’

Again, these are expressions with no exact translation. Often heard in response to the question ‘Ow do’ (How are you), ‘middlin’ or ‘fair t’middlin’ would mean ’I’m ok’. ‘Nobbut middlin’ means less than middlin’, so more like ‘just alright’

Regressive assimilation is the opposite of progressive and can be called anticipatory. It can be defined as “the change in phoneme characteristics due to influence of a sound occurring later in the word”. Therefore, regressive assimilation occurs when the features of a phoneme are modified by those of the phoneme immediately following it. To illustrate, the sound /n/ becomes /ŋ/ under the influence of the voiceless velar plosive /k/. This occurs in words such as tank/tæŋk/think/Ɵɪŋk/, bank /bæŋk/. These words show the changes from/n/ to /ŋ/ because of the anticipatory articulation of /k/, which indeed, precedes /n/.

B. Regressive Assimilation

2.&nbsp;&nbsp;Shorten -ing endings to -in. People who speak with a Yorkshire accent don't pronounce the "g" at the end of -ing words. Whenever you use a word ending in -ing, drop the "g" and finish the word with "in”.&nbsp;

For example, instead of saying “I’m going running,” you would say “I’m goin' runnin’”. If you were looking for your keys, you would say "I'm lookin' for my keys”.

3.&nbsp;&nbsp;Drop the “h” at the beginning of words. Instead of making an "h" sound, just start off the word with the letter that comes after "h”.

For example, instead of saying "I need help with my homework," you would say "I need 'elp with my 'omework. Or "This hamburger is horrible" would be said "This 'amburger is 'orrible”.

ASSIMILATION &amp; YORKSHIRE

BY : DWI ASTUTI WAHYU NURHAYATI MUTIARA ALEA SAFINKA S.P NANDA LIA FATIMAH

1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Say “owt” instead of “anything”. People in the County of Yorkshire always say "owt," not "anything”. Pronounce "owt" exactly as the word out is pronounced.

For example, if someone asks you what you want for dinner, you could say “I’ll ‘ave owt”, meaning you’ll have anything to eat. You would ask your friend if they want anything from the shops by saying "Do you need owt from't shop?"

2.&nbsp;Say “nowt” instead of “nothing”. Just like with the word “owt”, you want to pronounce “nowt” like now with a t on the end. If somebody says “you’re good for nowt”, they're saying you're good for nothing. You could say "I 'ave nowt in my wallet", if you're all out of money.

7.&nbsp;Tell people “in a bit” when you want to say goodbye. You’re telling them you’ll see them “in a bit”. This is a friendly goodbye.

"Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes. Don't resist them--that only creates sorrow. Let reality be reality. Let things flow naturally forward in whatever way they like." Lao Tzu

1. Assimilation usually occurs because ? a. Assimilation caused by the preceding sound b. Two sounds share common features in place or manner c. The phoneme /t/is an alveolar sound 2. How many manner of assimilation? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 3. The opposite of progressive and can be called anticipatory is called ? a. Regressive assimilation b. Full assimilation c. Coalescent assimilation 4. Partial assimilation can also refer to another assimilation which is called ? a. Contact assimilation b. Complete assimilation c. preservative assimilation 5. Alveolar stops , alveolar fricatives and alveolar syllabic nasals is type ? a. assimilation of places b. assimilation of voice c. asimilation of manner

[6] Fortson, P. (2005). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Oxford: UK:Blackwell Publishing. [7] Fromkin, V., &amp; Rodman, R., &amp; Hyams, N. (2011). An Introduction to Language. Boston:USA: Wadsworth. [8] Garn-Nunn, P., &amp; Lynn, J. (2004). Ca lvert's Descriptive Phonetics. New York: Thieme Medical Publisher. [9] Gimson, A. C. (2001). Pronunciation of English. London: UK: A Hodder Arnold Publication. [10] Gut, U. (2009). Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.11] Hall, T. (1997). The Phonology of Coronals. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

[1] A.Ali, Z.(2012). A Phonological Study of English and Arabic Assimilation: A Contrastive Study. Journal of College of Languages. (25), 148-172. [2] Burleigh, P. (2011). A&nbsp;Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology. Frankfurt: Gunter NarrVerlag. American Research Journal of English and Literature, Volume 1, Issue 4, 2015 ISSN 2378-9026 www.arjonline.org&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [3] Celce-Murcia, M., &amp; Brinton, D., &amp;Goodwin, J. (1996). Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. [4] Eka, D., &amp; Daniel, I., &amp; Egbokhare, F., &amp; Iyere, Th. (2010). Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology of English. Lagos: Nigeria: National Open University of Nigeria.‎ ‎

"If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.” —Nelson Mandela"

B. Assimilation of Manner

C. Assimilation of Voice&nbsp;

Assimilation of manner refers to two neighboring sounds becoming similar in their manner of articulation. This happens in coalescence when, in connected speech, two adjacent sounds are merged to form a new sound

When two consonants are in the coda, they have to agree in voicing either voiced or voiceless. In other words, in a cluster of two consonants differing in voicing, the second consonant has to agree in voicing with the preceding one. Assimilation of voice is of two forms: across morpheme boundaries and across word boundaries.&nbsp;

[16] Ladefoged, P. (2006). ACourse in Phonetics. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. [17] Laver, J. (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [18] Lecumberri, M., &amp; Maidment, J. A. (2000). English Transcription Course. London, UK: Routledge Publisher. [19] McMahon, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. [20] Nathan, G. (2008). Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.&nbsp; https://youtu.be/YfQueOZfzUc https://youtu.be/1ZpGRUxjMIk

11. https://youtu.be/Yrzg7DDo0ao [12] Heselwood, H., &amp; Watson, J. (2013). The Arabic Definite Article Does Not Assimilate.LWPLP, (18), 34-53. [13] Jolayemi, D. (2010). The Phonology of English. Nigeria: National Open University of Nigeria. [14] Jones, D. (1972). Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge: W. Heffer. [15] Knight,R.(2003).Understanding English Variation. Retrieved on March, 9, 2014, from <a href="http://www.rachaelanne.net/teaching/uev/uev4.doc">www.rachaelanne.net/teaching/uev/uev4.doc</a>.

7.Tell people you’re “flayed” if you feel scared. People who speak with a Yorkshire accent often say they're "flayed" if they're really scared by something. The word "flayed" indicates that something frightened you a lot

For example, instead of saying "I'm always scared watching scary films," you would say “I’m allus flayed watchin’ scary films”.

“Many of life's failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up." – Thomas Edison

MANNER OF ASSIMILATION&nbsp;

Progressive assimilation is also known as Preservative assimilation. The assimilation is said to be preservative “when the features of a phoneme are modified by the features of the phoneme immediately before it”. In other words, the conditioned sound is preceded by the assimilated sound. Such as simulation is dealt with from left to right. Examples of preservative assimilation of voicelessness from English (RP) can be seen in the following pronunciations of is and has: In the word level, progressive assimilation can occur, as well. For instance, for the plural –sending, the voiced /g/ of bags conditions the voiced form of the –s ending, causing it to be pronounced /z/.

A. Progressive Assimilation

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Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati works as English lecturer in English Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education in Islamic State University of Sayid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung (UIN SATU).

Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati

&nbsp;She is active to be a volunteer in guiding the Tawun society in enhancing tourism of Labi-labi, Ngawi East Java and conserving sites in Kesamben, Blitar.&nbsp; Her hobbies are creating love story podcast and reporting any events to motivate her students through&nbsp;

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&nbsp;For correspondence the author can be visited through +6285749813337/+6281234020600 dwiastuti507@gmail.com.

A. Assimilation of Place

“Use what talents you possess; the woods would be very silent if no birds sang there except those that sang best.” —Henry Van DykeA

First, when a sound changes its place of articulation to another place, it is called assimilation of place. This change of place depends on the place of articulation of the neighboring sounds. Assimilation of place is of three types: alveolar stops, alveolar fricatives and alveolar syllabic nasals

Nanda Lia Fatimah is a first semester student at the Department of English Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah State Islamic University, Tulungagung.

Mutiara Alea Safinka Sunda Priyana is a first year student at the Department of English Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah State Islamic University, Tulungagung.

She was born and raised in the village of Gandekan, Wonodadi District, Blitar Regency. Her hobbies are watching Korean dramas, western movies and reading novels. Her role model is kylie jenner because of her wisdom, talent and intelligence.

She was born and raised in the village of Gilang RT21RW06 Taman Sisoarjo Her hobbies are watching Korean dramas, and reading novels. Her role model is Min Youngi because of him Smart, talent and intelligence.

&nbsp;For correspondence the author can be visited through

+62 857-4543-7202 nandaliafatima@gmail.com.

5.Tell someone you’re “chuckin’ your guts up” if you’re sick”. If you call in sick to work, you might say to your boss “I’ll be reight, I jus’ ate a bad butty and I’m chuckin’ my guts up”. Your boss would understand that you’ll be alright, you just ate a bad sandwich and now you’re sick.

6.&nbsp;Say “eeh by gum” instead of “oh my god”. Use this phrase to express that you’re shocked by something.

For example, you might say “eeh by gum, you flayed me” when your friend sneaks up behind you and scares you.

Assimilation is an everyday occurrence in every human language, and it is particularly common for nasal sound. Making a sound more like another in the same or next word in continuous utterance is called assimilation

Assimilation usually occurs because two sounds share common features in place or manner. Thus, assimilation of consonants occurs when a consonant takes on features of another one. For instance, the sound /n/ becomes /m/ in certain environments; this is going to be discussed in detail later. It is, however, believed that assimilation varies in extent according to speaking rate and style; itis more likely to be found in rapid, casual speech and less likely in slow, careful speech. Moreover, it occurs either across word boundaries or within a word. If it occurs within a word, the resultant pronunciation is the only possible standard, as in pens /penz/.

5.&nbsp;&nbsp;Tell people you need to use the “bog” when you need the bathroom. In Yorkshire County they say “bog” instead of "toilet". Pronounce "bog" like it rhymes with "hog" or "jog". For example, you would say “I need't bog” instead of “I need the toilet”. If you wanted to know where the bathroom is, you could ask "Wheres't bog?"

6.&nbsp;Say “famished” instead of hungry. In Yorkshire County people let each other know they want food by saying they're "famished".

For example, if you wanted to go get lunch with your friends, you could say to them “Let's get food, I'm famished”. If someone asked you to get dinner with them, you could say "Aye I'd be 'appy to, I'm famished".

SAYING POPULAR PHRASES

&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Say “ey up” when you’re greeting someone. “Ey up” is just a casual way of saying hello to someone. For example, if you ran into your friend on the street, you could say “ey up” to greet them.

&nbsp;&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Ask people “ow do?” instead of “how are you?” You’re dropping the “h” sound from “how” and replacing “are you” with “do”. If you’re meeting your friend for lunch, instead of saying “Hey, how are you?” when they arrive, you’d say “Ey up, ow do?” &nbsp; .

1.&nbsp;Pronounce the vowel "a" as a short "a”.&nbsp;When you say words with the letter "a" in them, you should say the "a" like you would in the words "apple," "bat," and "gas." Don't use the long "a" sound, like in the words "ape" and "acorn”.

"Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest compliment, or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the potential to turn a life around." Leo Buscaglia

For example, if you wanted to say the word "apron," instead of saying it with a long "a" (ay-pron), you would use a short "a" (a-pron).

21] Ofulue, Ch. &amp; Urua, E., &amp; Egbokhare, F. (2010). Introduction to Linguistics II. Nigeria: National Open University of Nigeria. [22] Oxford Dictionary. (2008). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. [23] Roach, P. (1998). English Phonetics and Phonology. UK. Cambridge University Press. [24] Roach, P. (2001). Phonetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sites [25] Staff, wikiHow. (2021). How to Speak With a Yorkshire Accent. Retrieved on September, 15, 2021, from <a href="https://www.wikihow.com/Speak-With-a-Yorkshire-Accent">https://www.wikihow.com/Speak-With-a-Yorkshire-Accent</a> https://youtu.be/THsSizqiSKs

"When life is too easy for us, we must beware or we may not be ready to meet the blows which sooner or later come to everyone, rich or poor." Eleanor Roosevelt

C. Coalescent Assimilation

The third type of assimilation is the coalescent assimilation which occurs when there is a fusion. This process causes a sound to change by merging two contiguous phonemes into another phoneme different from the two coalesced sounds

In English coalescence occurs when a morpheme final alveolar plosive or fricative /t, d/ or /s, z/ is followed by [j], a palato – alveolar 3 fricative results, mostly when the segment is followed by the suffix “-ion”. A typical example is televise + ion. In the interaction between /s/ and /ɪ/, that occurs while turning the verb to the noun form, results in /ʒ/, which gives /tɛlɪvɪʒn/&nbsp;

3.&nbsp;Say “be reight” to let someone know everything will be alright. Pronounce “reight” like you’re saying the word “rate”. If someone asks if you’re going to be OK, instead of saying “I’ll be alright”, you would say “I’ll be reight”.

4.&nbsp;Say you're "chuffed t'bits" if you're feeling proud of yourself. "Chuffed" is a common Yorkshire word meaning "pleased" or "happy".

For example, if you got accepted to your dream university, you might tell your friends saying "I'm chuffed t'bits!"

"Life is a journey to be experienced, not a problem to be solved." ~Winnie the pooh ~

Full assimilation is also known as complete assimilation. As mentioned previously, a sound may change and become like another. This conversion might be partial or complete. What is meant by complete assimilation is that a sound is totally affected by a neighboring sound in which both sounds become one, or become identical.