THIS E-BOOK EXPLAINING ABOUT SOAP AND DETERGENT. ENJOY IT!!!

E-BOOK SOAP & DETERGENT

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Everything About Detergent

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Alright, now you have enhance your knowledge about soap! Now, Let's explore about detergent. Turn to the next page.

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List of Authors...................................................................................... i Preface..................................................................................................ii Everything About Soap......................................................................1-15 Everything About Detergent.............................................................16-26 Do It Yourself Activities.....................................................................27-32 Test yourself: Exercise......................................................................33-51 References...........................................................................................52

SOAP AND DETERGENT ARE ALL "NEW IMPROVED". ARE YOU?

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1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B

6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D

11. D 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A

16.A 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. C

1. Detergent is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds used as a cleaning agent 2. Hardness/Cleansing/Conditioner/Lather/ Fragrance 3. Alkali and Fats and oils (fatty acids) 4. Hydrophic end – repels water/not absorb water /lacking affinity for water &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hydrophilic end – soluble in water/ tend to absorb water/strong affinity for water

5. NaOH (caustic soda) and KOH (caustic potash) 6.&nbsp; 7. Saponification is a process in which esters in fats/oils are hydrolysed with sodium or potassium hydroxide (lye) to produce a carboxylate anion which can act as a surfactant 8.&nbsp; 9. Novelty soaps - manufactured for kids and comes in various shapes and colors such as duck, fish, cake for kids’ amusement Medicated soaps - Similar to original soaps, the only difference being the addition of antiseptics and disinfectants Beauty and perfumed soaps - Produced by adding perfume and a few additional ingredients for different skin types. May feature glycerin, or special oil blends, for example cocoa butter, coconut oil, olive oil and other oils

you can watch this video as your guidance :

Making Soap from Used Cooking Oil

Do you know that there's a two type of soap?

Hydrolysis & How It Is Used To Make Soaps | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | FuseSchool

D.I.Y ACTIVITIES DO IT YOURSELF AT HOME

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Added Materials (Additives) In Detergent/Soap Manufacturing

4. Inert Fillers ▪ Sulfate compounds were added to make the detergent powder flow freely. ▪ Without it, the detergent would stick together and become one big block

1. Builders ▪ Builders, such as sodium phosphate, were added to make the water more basic. ▪ Builders effectively soften the water. ▪ Builders removed extra magnesium and calcium ions from the hard water, so no scum will form.

2. Anti-redeposition agents ▪ Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added to give the fabric a small negative charge, which repelled the negatively charged dirt/grime and soil particles. ▪ It prevents fine soil particles from attaching to the fabric, allowing them to rinse freely out of the wash.

3. Optical Brighteners ▪ These were used to make white clothing “whiter”. ▪ This can be noticed when UV light is shone on white clothing and it will “glow” bluish-white. ▪ Optical brighteners are very complex organic molecules that absorb UV light and then give it off as a visible light. fluorescence.

5. Anti-corrosion Agents ▪ Chemicals such as sodium silicate were added so that metal objects like buttons and zippers would not rust or corrode&nbsp; 6. Perfumes ▪ Organic molecules with pleasant smells were added to give the clothes aromas such as “floral”, “summer breeze”, “lemon”, etc.

7. Enzymes ▪ Enzymes are organic compounds that attack or breakdown proteins. ▪ These compounds would clean grass and blood stains by destroying the proteins found in them&nbsp;

❑ Detergent surfactants are classified by their ionic (electrical charge) properties in water: 1. Anionic (negative charge) 2. Cationic (positive charge) 3. Non-ionic (no charge) 4. Amphoteric (either positive or negative charge).

1. Detergents are more soluble in water than soaps. 2. Detergents have a stronger cleansing action than soaps. 3. Detergents are the salts of strong acids so they do not decompose in acidic medium. Thus detergents can effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic. 4. Detergents can lather well even in hard water.

1. Some of detergents are not biodegradable. 2. Detergent can cause a variety of water pollution problems. ✓ They have a tendency to produce stable foams in rivers that extend over several hundred meters of the river water and pose a danger to aquatic life. ✓ They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters.

Laundry soaps - Formulated specially to clean grease, solid particles and organic compounds from clothes. Laundry soaps are mild disinfectants that are available in liquid, powder and gel forms. Kitchen soaps - Kitchen soap is a soap intended for use in the kitchen mainly to serve the purpose of dish-washing. 10. Novelty soaps. Because it does not contain antiseptics, disinfectants or any other chemicals that may bring harm to the kids’ skin. It is made not only to clean but for amusement and enjoyment as well. It comes in various shapes and colors such as duck, fish, cake, etc. 11. Ordinary soaps are not suited for fabrics such as silks, wool etc. The alkalis in them could damage the fiber. 12. Detergent is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds used as a cleaning agent.

13. Enzymes. Enzymes are organic compounds that attack or breakdown proteins. These compounds would clean grass and blood stains by destroying the proteins found in them. 14. Advantages - Detergents are more soluble in water than soaps/ Detergents have a stronger cleansing action than soaps/ Detergents are the salts of strong acids so they do not decompose in acidic medium. Thus detergents can effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic/ Detergents can lather well even in hard water. There is no scum formation Disadvantages - Some of detergents are not biodegradable/ Detergent can cause a variety of water pollution problems 15. When soap dissolves in water, the ions making up the soap dissociate: RCOO– Na+ (s) → RCOO– (aq) + Na+ (aq) The negative fatty acid ion is a surfactant (surface acting agent). The positive ion plays no part in cleaning.

watch more videos about cleaning action of soap + detergent right below!!

Cleansing Action of Soap | Consumers and Industrial Chemistry

Soaps and Detergents | Learn with BYJU'S

Cleansing Action Of Soap

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9. Name three types of soap and explain it _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 10. Aralyn has a 5-month-old son. What type of soap can Aralyn use for her son? Explain why it is suitable for kids. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 11. Nina stay in the hostel for the first time and she forgot to bring laundry soap from her home. Nina do not have any choice but to use ordinary soap to wash his clothes. Does ordinary soap suitable for washing clothes? State the reason for your answer ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

12. What is the definition of detergent? ___________________________________________ 13. A child spilled curry gravy on her school uniform. The stain was very hard to be removed after being washed with a type of detergent. What type of additives should be added into a new detergent&nbsp;to make sure the stain can be removed? Give a reason for your answer _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 14. Describe advantages and disadvantages of detergent ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 15. Explain the cleaning action of soap and detergent ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Detergent is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds used as a cleaning agent.&nbsp;

Today, detergent surfactants are made from a variety of petrochemicals (derived from petroleum) and/or oleochemicals (derived from fats and oils).

➢A detergent is a non-soapy cleaning agent that uses a surface-active agent (surfactant) for cleaning a substance in solution. ➢ Unlike soaps they are effective even in hard or salt water, as they form no scum. ➢ Detergents can also be used as surfactants and foaming agents ➢ Modern detergents are alkyl or aryl sulphonates produced from petroleum (or coal) and sulphuric acid.

✓ Surface tension is a force of nature caused by the attractive forces within a liquid. ✓ All molecules in a liquid are attracted to one another, but on the surface, the attraction is stronger toward the liquid rather than toward the air or whatever is on the surface of the liquid. ✓ This causes the molecules to tighten or form a slight barrier at the surface.

Detergents are commonly used in products for personal hygiene, dishwashing, and laundry. They are also used as ingredients in antiseptic agents, dry-cleaning solutions, lubricating oils, etc.

- Surfactant is a material that can greatly reduce the surface tension of water - The surfactant, usually containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, has two different ends. One end is water soluble, called hydrophilic, and the other end is water insoluble, called hydrophobic.

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12. The effectiveness of cleansing action of soap is lower in hard water compared to in soft water. Which of the following explain the above statement? (a) Soap is less soluble in hard water (b) soap dissociates partially in hard water (c) soap forms insoluble salt with calcium and magnesium ions (d) soap particles form complex ions with aluminium ion present in hard water 13. Diagram 2 shows the structural formula of substances What is the substance? (a) Soap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Detergent&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Sulphuric Acid (d) Carboxylic Acid

14. A group of scouts go camping by the seashore. They have to do all their washings using sea water. What is the suitable substance for them to wash their clothes affectively? (a) Soap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Bleach&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Detergent (d) Antiseptic 15. Choose the correct answer regarding detergent (a) Detergents contain one large non-polar hydrocarbon group and one short ionic or highly polar group at each end (b) A detergent is a soapy cleaning agent that uses a surface-active agent (surfactant) for cleaning a substance in solution. (c) Detergent are not effective in hard or salt water and form scum. (d) Detergents cannot be used as surfactants and foaming agents

16. Use the clue to identify the type of detergent: (a) Anionic detergent &nbsp; (b) Cationic detergent&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Non-ionic detergent (d) All of these answers are correct 17. What is the main source of detergent production? (a) Palm oil&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Ammonia&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Animal Fat (d) Petroleum 18. Detergent works better in which of the following condition? (a) When you are using hard water (b) When you are washing in acidic conditions (c) When you don't have any animal fats or vegetable oil (d) All of these answers are correct

19. A student finds out that there is a blood stain on his shirt. Which additive in the detergent will help to remove this type of stain? (a) Biological enzyme&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Foam control agent&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Suspension agent (d) Optical Whitener 20. What is the difference between detergent and soap? (a) Detergent derived from fat and oil, soap derived from synthetic materials (b) Detergent has a long hydrocarbon chain, soap does not have a long hydrocarbon chain (c) Detergent consists of -OSO3-Na in the structure, soap consists of -COO-Na in the structure. (d) None of the above

Saponification: The process of Making Soap - MeitY  OLabs

1. Nor Aiyna Syera Bt Mohd Asri (D20182085843) 2. Muhamad Naim Bin Mohd Nasir (D20182086690) 3. Nurul Huda Bt Abdul Hadi (D20191088625) 4. Nisa Wafiqah Bt Mohd Azmi (D20191088657) 5. Siti Nazihah Bt Mohamed Saharan (D20191088659)

Hello, everyone! Soap and detergent have become essential in our daily lives. Cleaning supplies are required in our everyday lives. They keep us healthy, care for our homes and possessions, and make our surroundings more lively and pleasant by removing soils, germs, and other contaminants in a safe and effective manner. This e-book was written to educate people about soap and detergent. Finally, we want you to understand what soap and detergent are, how to make them, and the difference between soap and detergent. You will be tested on this by the exercises in this book. So, let us begin!

The fatty acid anions has a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic. Most dirt is non-polar. Grease consists mostly of long chain, non-polar hydrocarbons. Water alone is not able to penetrate grease or oil because they are of opposite polarity. When grease or oil are mixed with a soap- water solution, the fatty acid anions work as a "bridge" between polar water molecules and non-polar oil molecules. The hydrophobic tails dissolve in the greasy dirt and the hydrophilic heads dissolve in water. Then, micelles are form. This action drawing water onto the dirt and fabric. As the water is swirled around it pulls the grease out of the fabric. Once the dirt and oils are removed from the clothes, surfactants keep them suspended in the water (emulsion) and are washed away with excess of water leaving the fabric clean.

1. Bunning, A. (2018). Periodic graphics: Soap versus body wash. Retrieved from <a href="https://cen.acs.org/business/consumer-products/Periodic-graphics-Soap-versus-body/96/i20">https://cen.acs.org/business/consumer-products/Periodic-graphics-Soap-versus-body/96/i20</a>. 2. BYJU’S. Triglyceride Structure. Retrieved from <a href="https://byjus.com/chemistry/triglyceride-structure/">https://byjus.com/chemistry/triglyceride-structure/</a>. 3. Britannica. soap and detergent. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/soap">https://www.britannica.com/science/soap</a>. 4. Thought.Co. How Soap Works. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/how-dos-soap-clean-606146">https://www.thoughtco.com/how-dos-soap-clean-606146</a>.&nbsp; 5. Difference between soap and detergent. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/chemistry/difference-between-soap-and-detergent/

• They are metal salts of long chain higher fatty acids. • Prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats. • Cannot be used effectively in hard water • Cannot be used in acid solutions • Cleansing action is not as strong as that of detergents. • Biodegradable

What are the differences between soaps and detergents?

• These are sodium salts of long chain hydrocarbons like alkyl sulphates or alkyl benzene sulphonates. • Prepared from hydrocarbons of petroleum or coal. • They are effective in soft, hard or salt water. • Can be used in acid solutions. • Cleansing action is by surfactants, which is a strong cleansing action. • Some of these are not biodegradable.

1. Soap is a ___________ that is composed of one or more salts of&nbsp;_______­­­­­___ (a) chemical compound, fat&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) cleaning agent, oil&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) cleaning agent, fatty acids&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (d) chemical compound, fatty acids 2. Below are the use of detergent EXCEPT (a) cosmetics&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) dishwashing&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) lubricating oils (d) antiseptic agent 3. Choose all of the correct statements about soap I. Soap is made from natural ingredient II. Soap are alkaline in nature III. Soap is the metal salt of a fatty acids IV. Soap does not have free ion (a) I and II&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) I, II, and III&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) I, II, IV&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) I, II, III, and IV&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

4. Name the process of soap preparation (a) Hydrolisis&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Sulphonation&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Soapication (d) Saponification 5. Chemical equation below shows the process of saponification. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fat + _______ --&gt; soap + ______________ &nbsp;&nbsp;Choose the correct reactant(R) and product(P) (a) R-sodium oxide, P-glycerol&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) R-potassium hydroxide, P-glycerol&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) R-fatty acid, P-RCOONa (d) R-sodium hydroxide, P-water 6. Which statement is correct about cleansing action of soap? (a) The hydrophilic part of soap molecules dissolves in water (b) Increases the surface tension of water (c) Soap molecules emulsify water (d) Reacts with acids to form salt

Soap is&nbsp;a cleaning agent produced with an alkali metal hydroxide by the chemical reaction of a fatty acid. Chemically, it is a salt made up of an alkali metal, such as sodium or potassium, and a combination of carboxylic acids called 'fatty'

Soaps contain surfactants. These are molecule with one end that dissolve on water (hydrophilic) and another that dissolve in oils and grease (hydrophobic)

-Soap is a fatty acid of a salt. -Soaps are used as cleansers and lubricants. -Soap cleans by acting as a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-surfactant-605928">surfactant</a>&nbsp;and emulsifier. It can surround oil, making it easier to rinse it away with water

Surfactant lower the surface tension of water, creating foam, emulsify oils and grease so they can be washed away

1. State the definition of detergent _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 2. Name four characteristics of soap __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3. What are the two raw materials of a soap? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 4. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Diagram 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Diagram 1 shows the structure of the fatty acids. What does it mean by hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

5. State two common alkalis used in soap-making ___________________________________________________ 6. Draw the reaction between fatty acids and glycerol 7. What is the Saponification process? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8. Write the reaction involved in Saponification Process

➢ When soap dissolves in water, the ions making up the soap dissociate: RCOO– Na+ (s) → RCOO– (aq) + Na+ (aq) ➢ The negative fatty acid ion is a surfactant (surface acting agent). The positive ion plays no part in cleaning. ➢ The fatty acid anions has a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities. ➢ At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. ➢ At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble

➢ Most dirt is non-polar. Grease consists mostly of long chain, non-polar hydrocarbons. ➢ Water alone is not able to penetrate grease or oil because they are of opposite polarity. ➢ When grease or oil are mixed with a soap- water solution, the fatty acid anions work as a "bridge" between polar water molecules and non-polar oil molecules.&nbsp;

➢ The hydrophobic tails dissolve in the greasy dirt and the hydrophilic heads dissolve in water.  micelles are form ➢ This action drawing water onto the dirt and fabric. As the water is swirled around it pulls the grease out of the fabric.

➢ Once the dirt and oils are removed from the clothes, surfactants keep them suspended in the water (emulsion) and are washed away with excess of water leaving the fabric clean.

Soap is useful for helping remove sweat and dirt from your skin, so many people include it as a regular part of their&nbsp;personal hygiene&nbsp;routine.

Soap, by definition, is fat or oil mixed with an alkali. The oil comes from an animal or plant, while the alkali is a chemical called lye. In bar soap-making, the lye is sodium hydroxide. Liquid soap requires potassium hydroxide.

Basic ingredients To make this DIY soap with coconut and olive oils, you’ll need: 1. 20 oz. coconut oil 2. 10 oz. olive oil 3. 9 oz. distilled water 4.78 oz. 100 percent pure lye 5. 20 to 40 drops of essential oils, if desired 6. colorants (optional) 7. dried herbs or flowers (optional)

7. Which of the following is an example of soap? (a) Potassium chloride&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Potassium carbonate&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Potassium laurate (d) Potassium sulphate 8. Based on the diagram 1, what is G? (a) Triglyceride&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Fatty Acid&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Ester (d) Sodium Palmitate 9. The reaction to prepare soap is called saponification which involves a reaction between (a) acid and alkali&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) ester and alkali&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) alkene and hydrogen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (d) alcohol and carboxylic acid

10. Below shows the example of medicated soap EXCEPT (a) (c) (b) (d) 11. The statement below shows the limitation of soaps EXCEPT (a) Soaps do not wash well in hard water (b) Soap does not form much lather or foam (c) Soap cannot be use in acidic water for cleaning purpose (d) Ordinary soaps can be for washing fabrics