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Battle of the Red Cliffs

https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs/

The Battle of Red Cliffs (also known as the Battle of Chibi, 208 AD) was a pivotal battle between the North Chinese forces led by the warlord Cao Cao (155-220 AD) and allied southern defenders under the command of Liu Bei (d. 223 AD) and Sun Quan (died 252 AD). The battle is considered a turning point in the conflict between the various warlords who controlled their territories and then expanded their reach in the waning days of the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). Cao Cao was defeated by the southern coalition and pushed back north, ending his dream of uniting China under his rule.

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Battle of the Red Cliffs

https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs/

The Battle of Red Cliffs (also known as the Battle of Chibi, 208 AD) was a pivotal battle between the North Chinese forces led by the warlord Cao Cao (155-220 AD) and allied southern defenders under the command of Liu Bei (d. 223 AD) and Sun Quan (died 252 AD). The battle is considered a turning point in the conflict between the various warlords who controlled their territories and then expanded their reach in the waning days of the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). Cao Cao was defeated by the southern coalition and pushed back north, ending his dream of uniting China under his rule.

the battle leveled the central antagonists because, before that, Cao Cao was the most powerful and commanded the largest army. Afterwards, with Cao Cao being beaten and forced to retreat with heavy losses, Liu Bei and Sun Quan stabilized their territories and this eventually led to the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280 AD) after the end of the Han Dynasty with Cao Cao ruling the kingdoms. from Cao Wei, Liu Bei ruled over Shu Han, and Sun Quan as king of Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms remained in an uneasy truce with each other until they were united in 280 AD under the Jin dynasty.

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The Han dynasty, which had liberated China after the repressive rule of Qin (221-206 BC), became increasingly corrupt in AD 130. The main reason given by later Chinese historians was the evolution of the role of the court eunuchs in Chinese government. The eunuchs were originally little more than guards of concubines, chosen to ensure the safety and sexual purity of the Chinese emperor's many concubines, but their proximity to the emperor and easy access to court intrigue made them a valuable asset to the nobility. Eunuchs could and did play an important role in elevating some members of the nobility and banishing others. Furthermore, they provided the emperor with an intermediate buffer

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The Han dynasty, which had liberated China after the repressive rule of Qin (221-206 BC), became increasingly corrupt in AD 130. The main reason given by later Chinese historians was the evolution of the role of the court eunuchs in Chinese government. The eunuchs were originally little more than guards of concubines, chosen to ensure the safety and sexual purity of the Chinese emperor's many concubines, but their proximity to the emperor and easy access to court intrigue made them a valuable asset to the nobility. Eunuchs could and did play an important role in elevating some members of the nobility and banishing others. Furthermore, they provided the emperor with an intermediate buffer

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Decline of the Han Dynasty & the Yellow Turban Rebellion

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himself and those who seek his help.

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Bangkitnya Panglima Perang

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Emperor Lingdi (r. 168 -189 AD) had continued his predecessor's policy of appointing regional governors to military positions to guard the borders against invading Xianbei and Xiongnu nomads and therefore many of his best generals were far from the capital. Lingdi sent his generals Huangfu Song (d. 195 AD), Lu Zhi (d. 192 AD), and Zhu Jun (d. 194 AD) against the rebels, but as soon as one enclave was destroyed, another enclave appeared elsewhere.

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himself and those who seek his help.

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Bangkitnya Panglima Perang

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Emperor Lingdi (r. 168 -189 AD) had continued his predecessor's policy of appointing regional governors to military positions to guard the borders against invading Xianbei and Xiongnu nomads and therefore many of his best generals were far from the capital. Lingdi sent his generals Huangfu Song (d. 195 AD), Lu Zhi (d. 192 AD), and Zhu Jun (d. 194 AD) against the rebels, but as soon as one enclave was destroyed, another enclave appeared elsewhere.

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A court official (also a regional governor) named Liu Yan (d. 194 AD), suggested that the emperor empower his provincial and local officials by freeing them from imperial orders and letting them deal with rebellions in

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their own territory as they fit into the best weapons. In doing so, Lingdi was going to push for the creation of a number of autonomous states within his territory but, lacking a better plan, he agreed to it. One of these regional officials was Cao Cao who seized the new freedoms and crushed the rebellion within a year. Zhang Jue was either killed in battle or executed and the rebellion was crushed in late 184 AD.

The eunuchs discovered He's plot and killed him, but this was of little help to them as Yuan Shao then massacred them all when he arrived in the city and found He Jin dead. While the eunuchs and their supporters were massacred, the young emperor, his brother Liu Xie, and their families fled the city and were on their way to

around 12 years old, who became Emperor Shao of Han. However, he was too young to rule, so a regent, his uncle He Jin was placed above him. However, the eunuchs wanted control of the new emperor, and plotted to assassinate He Jin at the same time that He Jin was sending messages to the warlords Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) and Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to come to Luoyang and help him get rid of the eunuchs.

Other regional governors had also released their new muscles, now becoming warlords and after the rebellion was quelled, they started governing their provinces as they chose and claimed land without reference to the policies of the emperor or palace. Lingdi died in 189 AD, passing the throne to his son Liu Bian, then

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The eunuchs discovered He's plot and killed him, but this was of little help to them as Yuan Shao then massacred them all when he arrived in the city and found He Jin dead. While the eunuchs and their supporters were massacred, the young emperor, his brother Liu Xie, and their families fled the city and were on their way to

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around 12 years old, who became Emperor Shao of Han. However, he was too young to rule, so a regent, his uncle He Jin was placed above him. However, the eunuchs wanted control of the new emperor, and plotted to assassinate He Jin at the same time that He Jin was sending messages to the warlords Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) and Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to come to Luoyang and help him get rid of the eunuchs.

Chang'an when they were intercepted by Dong Zhuo, who was marching towards Luoyang. Dong took the emperor and his entourage and, now holding the imperial seal, proclaimed himself the supreme power.

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Alliances and Conflicts

Other warlords, including Cao Cao, objected to this and formed an alliance to overthrow Dong known as the Guandong Coalition (c. 190-192 AD). 26 warlords laid siege to Luoyang with their troops but Dong fled, burned the city and marched the population, including the emperor, to his fortified Chang'an. The warlords claim that they are fighting for the restoration of the Han dynasty and save the emperor while Dong claims that the emperor is his guest and not in any danger. Dong actually favored the emperor's younger brother, Liu Xie, to rule and, in 190 AD, Emperor Shao was executed and Liu Xie became Emperor Xian.

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The warlords again try to take Dong down but he is too protected. He was eventually killed by his confidant and bodyguard Lu Bu. and after his death, the coalition broke up and turned on each other. The Xian Emperor was now held captive in Chang'an, under the influence of whichever warlord was the strongest at any given time, until his escape in 195 AD and fled north, eventually seeking refuge with Cao Cao.

Cao Cao now holds the keys to the lawful government with the emperor and the Imperial Seal within his borders. If the alliance ever really cared about restoring the Han to power, this was the moment when they could clear things up and either save the emperor or return him to power. Instead, Cao Cao and the others continued their power struggle, mutually

killing and absorbing the land, while the emperor remained under Cao Cao's 'protection' and could do nothing about it.

Cao Cao defeated every opponent, steadily enlarging his territory until he controlled the entire North China Plain. He defeated Yuan Shao, one of his oldest friends and compatriots, at the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD, strengthening his grip on more territory and expanding his army. Between AD 200-207, Cao Cao continued his campaigns, building a formidable army, until all he needed was to march south and annex the territory into his own to unify China under his rule.