Migration in Europe

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Chapter II Famous people&#160;who immigrated and were successful &#160;

2&#176;1 - Famous People who came to France

Prague developed as the centre of exile social democracy (SOPADE). The centre of the communists became Paris. Parts remained however in direct proximity for example: France, Switzerland, Belgium...

The first groups set up work abroad. The party ban has caused mir emigration into exile. But many remained an fought against national socialism. 

Due to the terrorization by the NS-Regime and it&#8217;s opponents, many were persecuted and thus many endangered fellow citizens fled to foreign countries.

Election poster of the social democratics

Famous Actress Mila Kunis went to Los Angeles from Ukraine on a religious refugee visa in 1991. The actress&nbsp;and her family left Soviet Ukraine and went to the US in 1991, during the Cold War when she was 8&nbsp;years old. In a 2012 interview with the British Sun tabloid, Kunis, whose parents named her Milena, said that she saw anti-Semitic graffiti in her school in Chernivtsi.

Chapter II Famous immigrants&#160;that illustrate successful immigration&#160;

2&#176;2 - Famous french people who left France to live abroad

He is a Macroeconomist who has worked on a wide range of issues, from the role of monetary policy to the nature of speculative bubbles, the nature of the labor market and the determinants of unemployment, to the transition in the former communist countries, and to the forces that the recent global financial crisis. During this process he has worked with many countries and international organizations. He is the author of numerous books and articles, including two macroeconomics textbooks, one at the graduate level with Stanley Fischer and the other at the undergraduate level.

In October 2015, Olivier Blanchard joined the Peterson Institute of International Economics as Senior Fellow C. Fred Bergsten. French-born Blanchard spent most of his professional life in Cambridge, MA.

He has also been editor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics and the NBER Macroeconomics Annual and founding editor of the American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. He is a member and former board member of the Society of Econometrics, elected president of the American Economic Association and a member of the American Academy of Sciences.

Chapter II 2&#176;2 - Famous People coming out France

Immigration during 1970-1990.

Following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis">oil crisis of 1973</a> and the adoption of restrictive immigration policies by the European countries, these immigration flows were severely reduced and return migration increased.

Other factors contributing to these changes included integration difficulties in the receiving countries, the restoration of democracy in Greece in 1974 (the collapse of socialism) and the entry of the country into the European Economic Community (EEC).

Jacqueline Kennedy

Onassis was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and fled the city with his family to Greece in 1922 in the wake of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)">Greco-Turkish War</a>. He moved to Argentina in 1923 and established himself as a tobacco trader and later a shipping owner during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">Second World War</a>.&nbsp;

... the most famous physicist of the world

... the most important scientist in history

He searched about matter, room, time and gravitation.&#160;

He searched about the matter, the room, the time and their relationship as well as the gravitation. He created the theory of relativity, and he was searching as long as he lived for the formula of the world.

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTngfHHEi3M">1922 The Destruction of Smyrna</a>

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKk3RX87Rig">Glen Beck Spotlights the Great Fire of Smyrna</a>

The Turkish government made the Greeks who were living inside their&nbsp;country leave in one night without&nbsp;their belongings. The local people treated those who arrived as foreigners. Thus, the Greeks&nbsp;became refugees&nbsp;in their own country.&nbsp;

If you are interested in the Catastrophe of Smyrna you should check out:

Moreover, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> the Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in&nbsp;a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey">Population Exchange</a>. It involved at least 1.6 million people (1,221,489&nbsp;Greeks&nbsp;from&nbsp;Asia Minor,&nbsp;Eastern Thrace, the&nbsp;Pontic Alps&nbsp;and the&nbsp;Caucasus, and 355,000 Muslims in Greece), most of whom were forcibly made refugees.

Live life to the fullest, and focus on the positive.

Love yourself. It is important to stay positive because beauty comes from the inside out.

When you can’t find the sunshine, be the sunshine

Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is ours to win or lose.

Stay positive and happy. Work hard and don't give up hope. Be open to criticism and keep learning. Surround yourself with happy, warm and genuine people.

Migration tendencies during and between WW1 and WW2 in Hungary

The period ranging from 1914 to 1945 was a really eventful time in terms of wars as well as in migration. The destinations of migration and the sources of immigrants were formed by the many various events that determined the life of Europe at that time.

During WW1, migration was mostly formed by the current state of battles. Although the number of emmigrants decreased during the 4 years of the war, the main destination for Hungarians who had enough of struggling was still America.

After the war, the migration to well-off, developed states, such as the USA had started again.

The US government, to prevent unorganised mass immigration, has introduced laws in 1921 and 1924 that restricted the number of people that could enter the country.

As a consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, which was signed in 1920, more than 2/3 of the country's territory was transfered to the neighboring countries. Although the inhabitants of those areas were not mostly Hungarians, approx. 3.3 million Hungarian citizens found themselves between new borders in an instance. It is estimated that about 350000 Hungarians returned to the mainland between the sign of the treaty and 1924. The immigration of the returned Hungarians caused a humanitarian issue for years to come. 

Germany: Guest workers who came and stayed | DW News

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIY_F5aPfbg">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIY_F5aPfbg</a>

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He was born on 14 August, 1811, in Edinburgh, Scotland and he died on 23 June, 1866, in Budapest, Hungary. He was Scottish and he was an engineer. His wife was Mária Áldásy.

After finishing his studies in Edinburgh, he became an engineering assistant. He moved to London and worked at Hunter &amp; English iron foundry as a mechanical engineer. He met István Széchenyi there, a famous Hungarian politician, economist, writer and minister. He is known as ’The greatest Hungarian’. He intrusted Clark with the setting up of the machines which had been ordered for use on the Danube and sent him to Budapest.

Adam Clark, known by Hungarians as Clark Ádám was a Scottish engineer who lived and became famous in Hungary. He took part in the building of Széchenyi Chain Bridge over the River Danube, in Budapest.&nbsp;

He returned to England where he excelled so much that he got stated as a senior engineer at the construction of the Chain Bridge in Budapest. So 4 years later, in 1939 he moved to Hungary again.

Chapter I 1°1 - The chronology of migratory waves in France

4.3 Late re-settlers in Germany in the 90´s

In the 18th century Germans went to Russia. (Read more in chapter 1.1)

Anti-Semitic boycotts began after Hitlers rise to power. Jewish shops, offices, banks, doctor&#8216;s premises were sabotaged. People weren&#8216;t allowed to enter, If they had done, they would&#8216;ve been in trouble. The following law declared that the regime could withdraw cilvil service from unwanted people (Jews, Opponents). As a consequence, a lot of Jews got unemployed. The burning of unpleasant and &#8222;dangerous&#8220; books on May, 10th 1933 caused a prohibition for all jews to work in &#8222;german&#8220; facilities.

After that, many Jews tried to flee to European countries, with the intention to come back soon.

Germans! Fight back! Don&#8217;t buy from the Jews.

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A Brief Overview of World War II

Chapter I Retrospective of immigration in France until today

1&#176;1 - Retrospective of immigration in France to the present day.

"Migration is such a general phenomenon in the history of humanity that it is rather their absence during a period that seems extraordinary" Henri Bartoli

His father&nbsp;sent Georgios to Germany for further studies in 1907.

For three years, he studied Biology and Zoology. He acquired his PhD in Munich.

During this time Papanikolaou decided that research and biology would be the twin purposes of his life.

“I am no longer a dreamer. Science snatched me out of Nietzsche’s hands. I’ve got my feet on the ground.”

The decision to leave Greece

He returned to Greece in 1910.

He married the educated and open-minded Andromachi – or Machi, as he called her – Mavrogenous.&nbsp;

This work landed him a position as a&nbsp;Rockefeller Foundation&nbsp;fellow at&nbsp;Cambridge University. He received his&nbsp;PhD&nbsp;from&nbsp;Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge&nbsp;in 1927 for work on isolating an&nbsp;organic acid, which he then called "hexuronic acid".

He served on the Italian and Russian fronts, gaining the Silver Medal for Valour, and he was discharged in 1917, for being wounded. “I was overcome with such a mad desire to return to science that one day I grabbed my revolver and in my despair put a shot through my upper arm”, he reportedly said.

He accepted a position at the&nbsp;University of Szeged&nbsp;in 1930. There, Szent-Györgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that "hexuronic acid" was actually the thus far unidentified&nbsp;antiscorbutic&nbsp;factor, known as&nbsp;vitamin C. In some experiments they used&nbsp;paprika as the source for their vitamin C. They had never used paprika before, until one night Albert’s wife had given him paprika as supper. He was afraid to say no for the paprika, so he took it into his laboratory to test it. In 1937, he received the&nbsp;Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.&nbsp;

For a while he hid in the countryside, then in Budapest, and then he found a shelter in the Swedish embassy. He received a Swedish passport as ’’Swanson’’. After the war he travelled for a long time with the Swedish passport. 

In 1982 he established an&nbsp;educational institution&nbsp;called Labyrinth Musical Workshop,&nbsp;in the village of&nbsp;Houdetsi&nbsp;in Crete, twenty kilometres south of the capital city of&nbsp;Herakleion.

Labyrinth Musical Workshop was founded in order to initiate mainly young people in a creative approach to traditional musical idioms from various parts of the world.

Ross Daly is the originator of the term Contemporary Modal Music, which refers to contemporary compositional works that draw their inspiration from the broader world of Modal musical traditions.

These traditions are found primarily in the vast geographical region between Western Africa and Western China.

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Olena Leonenko, also Olena Leonenko-Głowacka - Ukrainian singer, composer of theater music, choreographer, actress. She was born in 1966 in Kiev, lives in Poland since 1990. She was the wife of Janusz Głowacki - a Polish writer, who died in 2017. She has composed music for a lot of theater and television performances as well as documentary films. She was a scholarship holder of the American Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe and a two-time scholarship holder of the Stefan Batory Foundation

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UabU9PAncho">Words of resistance – Deutsche Welle and the Greek dictatorship | DW Documentary</a>

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0Q5OxB28G0">Anthem of the Greek Junta (1967-1974) - "Anthem of the 21st of April"</a>

If you are interested in the Greek military junta you should check out:

Official statistics show that in the period 1955-1973: 

Australia absorbed 170,700 Greek migrants.

The U.S. absorbed 124,000 Greek migrants.

Germany absorbed 603,300 Greek migrants.

Canada absorbed 80,200 Greek migrants.

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3J4v4KNDQI">Greece - The Hidden War - 2.avi</a>

If you are interested in the Greek civil war you should check out:

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lqhButK1CA">The Cold War: The Greek Civil War - Episode 6</a>

2. Migration in the beginning of the 20th century

What Caused the First World War?

Luka Modric wins the Ballon d’Or:  2018

Ross Daly&nbsp;(born 29 September 1952 in&nbsp;King's Lynn,&nbsp;Norfolk, England) is a&nbsp;world musician&nbsp;who specializes in the music of the&nbsp;Cretan lyra. Although of&nbsp;Irish&nbsp;descent, he has been living on the island of&nbsp;Crete&nbsp;for 44 years.

Daly has released more than 35 albums of his own compositions and of his own arrangements of traditional melodies collected during his travels.

In 1990 Daly designed a new type of Cretan lyra. It combines elements of&nbsp;lyraki, the&nbsp;byzantine lyra&nbsp;and the Indian&nbsp;sarangi.

By Hitler&#8216;s assumption of power at the beginning of 1933, all those who were for example representatives of politics were endangered. Among others, communists and democratic spies were most affected. 

After the &#8220;Reichstagbrandverordnung&#8221; in the night from 27 to 28 February 1933, many thousands of politically active people were arrested. Many parties were plagued by the bans posted afterwards. 

Such prohibitions were for example: press ban, assembly ban ...

Data of the eliminations of all political parties and the potential political opposition : 

03/09/1933 Cancellation of the Reichstag mandates of KPD 05/02/1933 Dissolution of trade unions 06/22/1933 SPD ban till 07/06/1933 Dissolution of all bourgeois parties

In 1957, Onassis engaged in airlines business and established <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airlines">Olympic Airways</a>, the first Greek air company.&nbsp;When Onassis heard during the negotiations that he would not be able to use the five Olympic rings in his logo due to copyright issues, he simply decided to add a sixth ring.

Onassis' time at the head of Olympic Airways is known as a golden era, due to investments he made in training and the acquisition of cutting-edge technology.

First wave of immigration :

Chapter I 1&#176;1 - The chronology of migratory waves in France

Olena Leonenko – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia

<a href="bookcreator://page/ZXctI64iQ0KdOaauf3iUnw">front page</a>

Sources Germany.pdf

sources.doc

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

Sources of Hungary.docx

sources.docx

greek sources.docx

Bibliography France for digital book.doc

The borders were slightly opened from the beginning of the revolution until March, 1957 making it possible for thousands of people to cross the Iron Curtain and leave the totalitarian half of the world behind, resulting in the flight of 2% of the population. Many of those who attempted this had to set out on foot, avoid roads and cross minefields to reach freedom. Most of them who took the chance never looked back, but 5 percent of the emigrants returned to Hungary later.

"Referring to sources from the Austrian and Yugoslav Ministries of Interior, the report asserts that 193,885 people left the country illegally. Out of these, 174,704 fled to Austria and 19,181 to Yugoslavia.(...) The percentage of people who had been gainfully employed is also surprisingly high, again two thirds of the total number of refugees. 63.5 percent of them had been manual laborers (34.6 percent of this group has worked as skilled laborers) and 25 percent had had academic or intellectual occupations. 3,200 of the dependents had been college or university students, a number that at the time represented more than 10 percent of the student body in higher education." 

The fact that approximately 200.000 refugees sought asylum in Europe means the biggest wave of immigration in the post-WWII history of Europe.

4. Migration after World War 2

Foreign workers were members of a group of people, who were allowed to stay in the BRD or the DDR for a limited period of time in addition to work.&#160;

Federal Republic of Germany is established

Since 1960 guest worker is a phrase that is used to describe work migrants.

You can find the reasons for emigration to America in chapter 1.2

Numbers of the people that emigrated to America: 1880-1889:1.445.181 1890-1899: 579.072 1900-1909: 328.722 1910- 1919: 174.227 1920-1929: 386.634

The economic pressures, along with the uncertainties evident in the legal and institutional framework for the regularization and integration of immigrants, if not dealt with, are expected to lead to social friction and extensive racism and xenophobia in the next few years.

Second wave of immigration :

X&#233;nophobia in the 1930s At the end of the 1930s, refugees from Central Europe, and more particularly those fleeing Nazism, discovered very different reception conditions from those of Italians. They arrived in a country in crisis where they were seen as job thieves. In addition, there was a wave of anti-Semitism reinforced by the Vichy government, which grouped them in transit camps to hand them over to the Nazis.&#160;

The transit camp of Drancy

The Bram camp for the "red" Spaniards

France experienced alternating periods of well-being and rejection of immigration.

Undated poster (1970-1979), "No! to expulsions ! of immigrants", published by a group of 29 associations

Announcement of a ball organized for destitute Poles in Paris (1847)

Xenophobic demonstration of Parisian students outside the Faculty of Medicine, February 1st, 1935

Chapter I 1&#176;2 - The different welcome of these migratory waves in France according to the periods

At the age of 16: his father died because of tuberculosis. 

1847: his mother, two sisters and Loeb escaped to the USA, because of economic reasons. In New York he started working for his brothers, that created a dry goods business and changed his name from Loeb to Levi

Tap there to get more informations about him!

1853: headed out to San Francico. He also got the American citizenship/ nationality

Informations about Levi Strauss.docx

Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin

Was a&nbsp;Polish&nbsp;composer and&nbsp;virtuosopianist of the&nbsp;Romantic&nbsp;era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained Worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born&nbsp;&nbsp;in the&nbsp;Duchy of Warsaw&nbsp;and grew up in&nbsp;Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of&nbsp;Congress Poland. A&nbsp;child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the&nbsp;November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter in the last 18 years of his life he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the&nbsp;salon.

Migration is a process in which people move from one country or place to another one. In Poland and other countries it is a common phenomenon since the dawn of time. In the 18th century people were leaving Poland, they were scared of regressive measures from Russia and other invaders. In this time foreign emigrants avoided Poland and didn’t see it as a place worth moving to. The biggest migrations in Poland started in 19th century. More and more Poles were leaving their homeland, because they were looking for  better life conditions. These days people are migrating due to many different reasons, from economical to personal one.

Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring&nbsp;Russian Empire.

We honor the dead Pontiac population on 19th of May.

The Treaty of Versailles and the consequences 

Germany had lost many areas. Different people had to move away.

Germany had to pay high reparations. The economy was down and many people were unemployed.

Check this video out for more details about "The Treaty of Versailles"

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrYhLNQMRro">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrYhLNQMRro</a>

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jycVFL8CNM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jycVFL8CNM</a>

These are the original sources of information which the Greek students used in order to create this eBook, called: 'Greece: Waves of Emigration'.

Immigration Greece 1970-90.docx

Lord-Byron.doc

<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=131ko023yOogTPHVBe-LuC5lhmsOPdSkU">Aristotelis Onassis: From immigration to ship business</a>

<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1EhWsjKXdbKiG9QQlHU6Fo7mJZSUcvYYg">Lord&nbsp;Byron's Life</a>

<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Xx5J1aj8ZDF_uQPOGcGh5y4vAsWFB4x2">Migration</a>

<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1TdZCzBDZbKgEcCSrvW6FHTyByMuAQP7F">Pap Smear test</a>

<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WWuE1zJvVvGa6fM-a3buiWzTzKfQmk0Z">The&nbsp;Minor Asia disaster</a>

To prepare for a space mission, Thomas follows a complementary technical and operational training in Europe, Russia and the United States where he has followed various training programs.

On March 17th, 2014, Thomas was assigned to a long-term mission (about 6 months) aboard the International Space Station, the Proxima mission. Travelled aboard the Soyuz MS-03 as co-pilot with Oleg Novitski (Russian) and Peggy Whitson (American) .

Queen - Live at LIVE AID 1985/07/13

The countries where the Germans migrated to:

USA South America (Brasilia, Chile ,...) Australia New Zealand Russia Canada *France

*Many emigrants were in France because of the extension of the waste-water -and train system.

Byron joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> fighting the Ottoman Empire, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a>.

When Byron's great-uncle, the "wicked" Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, the 10-year-old boy became the 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale and inherited the ancestral home, Newstead Abbey, in Nottinghamshire. He was very well-off financially, but spiritually something was missing…

JOIN THE EUROPEAN TABLE

In 1940: he managed to receive the American citizenship; he kept the Swiss nationality beside.

5.2 Two famous persons who left Germany

* Buttenheim, 26th of February in 1829 &#8224; San Francisco, 27th of September in 1902

George Papanikolaou was born May 13, 1883, the third child of doctor Nikolaos Papanikolaou.&nbsp;

In 1898, aged only 15, he managed to get into the School of Medicine of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

He was influenced by the theories of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe">Goethe</a>, and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>’s book “The Riddle of the Universe.” Nevertheless, scientific research still fascinated him.&nbsp;

“Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute”

Throughout his career, the great researcher and scientist kept unbreakable bonds with Greece and maintained his interest in Greek politics and the various intellectual and social movements in the country. Andromachi said:

“There was no other option for me but to follow him inside the lab, making his way of life mine.”&nbsp;

He died suddenly of a heart attack on February 19, 1962.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZlM7tL4r80">NYP It Happened Here: Dr. Papanicolaou</a>

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AWbs-OUV6Y">Pap and HPV Testing | Nucleus Health</a>

If you are interested in Papanikolaou's life and work you should check out:

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFotgGP0QIo">George Papanicolaou -- A Pioneer in Medical Research</a>

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt6ZzVGRgz0">Modal music-a musical crossroads example|Ross Daly|TEDxHeraklion</a>

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W46qoGsx5T4">ross daly - first album</a>

If you are interested in Ross Daly's life and work you should check out:

Two Greek figures who had to leave Greece and made a distinct mark worldwide

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The two figures that will be studied as representatives of Greeks who have made a distinct mark worldwide are George Papanikolaou and Aristotle Onassis.

"We must free ourselves of the hope that the sea will ever rest. 

In other words, from 1970 until the late 1980’s investment in the Greek economy and the need for new labor created two new migratory waves.&nbsp;

The first one consisted of 617,000 repatriated Greek immigrants and in 1976 about 3,000 Iraqis, Christian Assyrian origin were transported from Lebanon to Greece. Moreover, 130,000 immigrants who arrived from the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe followed the second migratory wave.

Immigration grew at the beginning of the 1980s when Asians, Africans, and Poles arrived and found work in construction, agriculture, and domestic services. In 1986, legal and unauthorized immigrants totaled approximately 90,000. One third of them were from European Union countries. The 1991 Census registered 167,000 "foreigners" in a total population of 10,259,900.

Greek immigration to Canada began early in the 19th century. Greeks from the islands (eg, Crete, Syros and Skopelos) and from the Peloponnesus settled in Montréal as early as 1843.

Greek immigration increased considerably in the early 20th century as a result of poverty, wars and political upheavals at home.

Immigration was halted during WWII, but from 1946 to 1981 about 116 300 Greek immigrants entered Canada.

Post-WWII immigrants were overrepresented in the unskilled occupational categories. In time many of them moved up the social scale by establishing their own small businesses.

With the growth of Greek immigration after 1905, Greek settlements in Canada began to show signs of ethnic community formation.&nbsp;

development

In 1966 there were the first signs of recission of the guest workers.

Then in 1973 there was a recruitment stop because of the economy and energy crisis.

The amount of guest workers decreased but the number of foreigners living in Germany increased. 14 million guestworkers left Germany to go back in their homecountry.

Rafik Schami zum Thema Frieden für Syrien (3sat Kulturzeit)

Personal connection and opinions to the political situation in Syria.

Józef Zachariasz Bem (March 14, 1794 - December 10, 1850) was a Polish engineer and general, an Ottoman pasha, a national hero of Poland and Hungary, and a figure intertwined with other European patriotic movements. Like Tadeusz Kościuszko (who fought in the American War of Independence) and Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (who fought alongside Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy and in the French Invasion of Russia), Bem fought outside Poland's borders for the future of Poland anywhere his leadership and military skills were needed.

Immigration during 1919–1922,