Inventions That Changed The World

THE WRIGHT BROTHERS

The Wright brothers invented the airplane. Their names were Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948). Other people had flown through the air on balloons and gliders. But the Wright brothers were the first to fly in an engine-powered airplane. All modern airplanes are based on their work.As children, the Wrights were fascinated by the study of motion. Their mother encouraged them to experiment and learn.

They flew this airplane—called the Flyer—near Kitty Hawk
, North Carolina. With Orville at the controls, the plane flew 120 feet (37 meters) on the first flight. It stayed in the air 12 seconds. The brothers made three more flights that day. The longest, by Wilbur, was 852 feet (260 meters) in length and lasted 59 seconds. For years afterward, most people knew nothing about the Wright brothers’ achievement. A few newspapers reported on the Wrights. But the stories were often inaccurate. Many people at the time doubted that flying machines could even exist. In any case, the Wrights preferred to work quietly, perfecting their airplane and developing flight technique. By 1905, they had created a practical flying machine that could travel dozens of miles. Every modern airplane is based on the Wright brothers’ invention and the principles of flight they discovered.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANE

Airplane is an engine-driven machine that can fly through the sky, supported by the flow of air around its wings. Hundreds of thousands of airplanes are used throughout the world. Millions of people depend on aircraft for swift transportation. People and businesses rely on airplanes for the quick delivery of mail and packages. Many industries ship their products by air. Airplanes have many other uses, from helping fight forest fires to carrying emergency aid. In addition, airplanes are a major weapon of war.

Many modern airplanes use jet engines. Jets take in air and burn it with fuel. Some smaller planes, on the other hand, are powered by spinning blades called propellers. Airliners are big planes used by airline companies. Most airliners carry passengers and some cargo. They usually fly 500 to 600 miles (800 to 970 kilometers) per hour.
The biggest airliners have four jet engines. Smaller three-engine and twin-engine airliners make shorter flights. The smallest airliners use propellers.

By Eoin and Graham

On Jan. 1, 1914, the world's first scheduled passenger airline service took off, operating between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Fla. The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line was a short-lived endeavor — only four months — but it paved the way for today's daily transcontinental flights

Light Bulb

Thomas Edison (1847-1931), was one of the greatest inventors in history. His most famous inventions include electric lighting and the world’s first electric power system. He invented the first practical machine that could record and play back sound. He called this device the phonograph. Edison also made improvements to telegraphs,telephones, and motion pictures.

Edison was an active businessman. He created new companies to manufacture and sell his products. Income from selling his products helped support his research laboratory and the development of more devices. As a result, Edison and other manufacturing pioneers in the late 1800's helped make the United States an industrial world power.

Thomas Edison's middle name was Alva.

Thomas was pulled out of school after twelve weeks. The reason why, was because he annoyed his teachers too much, by asking so many questions.

How It Changed The World

The first electric light was switched on by Humphrey Davy when he connected two charcoal rods to a battery in 1809.Davy's light was bright but didn't last long.It showed that some materials glow when electricity passes through them,but the lights often caught fire.Fellow Englishman Joseph Swan experimented with removing the air from the bulb in 1870s to stop this, but ran into other problems.

Light bulbs meant safe, bright lighting at the flick of a switch.Only now, after more than a hundred years, is the basic design being improved to make it more efficient. It also paved the way for the first car headlamps which used oil, but much safer electric ones were invented in 1898.Neon lights which contain the gas Neon were invented by a Frenchman Georges Claude in 1910.Flash bulbs were invented in 1929, replacing dangerous and noisy Flash Powder.

By Conor and Sinead

Vaccinations

Vaccination is a way of protecting the body against a disease. The body can fight many diseases by producing substances called antibodies. One type of vaccination causes the body to make antibodies against a disease without actually causing the disease.

Edward Jonas Salk

Edward Jonas Salk (1914-1995) was an American scientist. He developed the first vaccine that prevented a crippling disease called polio. A vaccine is a special medicine that keeps people from getting sick or harmed from a certain disease. Salk was born in New York City. He graduated from the New York University School of Medicine in 1939. Then he began to study germs called viruses that caused flu and polio.Many scientists had studied what makes people immune , or protected, from catching diseases. Salk learned from their work and used what he learned to make a polio vaccine. He had to weaken the virus that caused polio, but not destroy it completely. The weakened virus would not cause the disease, but it would help people's immune systems protect them against polio. Their immune systems would then make materials called antibodies to fight the disease.In 1953, Salk tried out the vaccine on himself, his wife, and his three sons. It was safe and seemed to work. In 1954, the vaccine was tested on nearly 2 million children. It was a success, and Salk received many honors. He would not take any money awards, and he went back to work to improve his vaccine. Salk spent much of life teaching. In 1963, an institute was started in his name in California, and he continued his work there. He died on June 23, 1995.

Edward Jenner

Edward Jonas Salk
American Scientist

Edward Jenner
British Doctor

Louis Pasteur

Edward Jenner (1749–1823) was a British doctor. He was the first to show that a vaccination (a type of shot) can keep someone from getting a serious illness. Jenner gave a boy a shot with germs from a mild sickness called cowpox. The shot kept the boy from getting a much more serious illness called smallpox.Jenner was born in Berkeley, in England. When he was about 20 years old, he went to London to learn to be a doctor. Jenner returned to Berkeley to practice medicine. He lived there the rest of his life.Jenner vaccinated the boy in 1796. Four years later, doctors throughout the world were giving smallpox shots to keep people from getting sick. Jenner received many awards for his work.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was a great French scientist. His work has saved many lives.Pasteur was born in Dole, France. Early on, he showed a talent for art. He later studied chemistry in Paris. By age 26, he was famous for his work in chemistry. However, he soon started studying tiny living things called bacteria.Pasteur was the first to show that living things come only from other living things. Before that, many scientists believed that life could come from things that are not alive, such as dirt. Pasteur also showed that the spread of bacteria can be controlled.
In the early 1860's, Pasteur discovered that germs could be killed with heat. This use of heat became known as pasteurization . Pasteur used this method to control the growth of germs in wine, milk, beer, and food.In 1865, a disease was killing a lot of silkworms, which spin the fibers used in silk cloth. Pasteur proved that a germ that attacks silkworm eggs caused the disease. He then showed that killing the germ would get rid of the disease. Pasteur proved that many diseases are caused by germs. He then showed that germs can be made weak in a laboratory. When the weak germs are placed in an animal's body, the animal can fight off the germs without getting sick. This method of fighting off germs is called vaccination.

Louis Pasteur
French Scientist

Measles

Measles is a disease that causes a pink rash all over the body. It usually strikes children. Measles is caused by a tiny particle called a virus. It spreads through the air when someone coughs or sneezes. People who catch measles have a fever, a runny nose, watery eyes, and a cough. Then small pink spots appear. After the coughing stops, the rash fades away.Children should receive a shot of the measles vaccine. This shot can protect most people from getting measles.

Measles

Mumps

Mumps is a disease that spreads easily from person to person. It causes painful swelling below and in front of the ears. Mumps is caused by a virus, or a tiny germ, in the saliva of a person with mumps.A person shows the first signs of mumps about 18 days after coming in contact with the mumps virus. These signs include fever, headache, muscle aches, and sometimes vomiting. Then the swelling begins. Pain in the swollen area may make it hard for the person to chew or swallow. The swelling lasts about a week.Today, there is a vaccine for mumps. It is a shot that protects people from the disease.

Rabies

Mumps

Rabies is a serious disease that destroys tissue in the brain. It is caused by a tiny living thing called a virus. Human beings and other animals can get rabies.People usually get rabies from animals, such as dogs, cats, bats, and raccoons. Such animals may carry the rabies virus in their saliva,a sticky liquid in their mouths. If the animal bites someone, that person may get rabies.A person infected with rabies usually notices a headache and finds it hard to swallow. People can die from rabies if they do not get help quickly. Doctors give people bitten by infected animals vaccinations to keep them from getting sick.

Rabies

By Elise O'Reilly
and Paul Lucey

The Telephone

- The word telephone comes from the Greek words "téle" meaning far and
"phoné" meaning voice.

-The telephone is a telecommunications device that lets two or more people have a conversation when they are too far apart that they cannot be heard directly.

-A telephone transfers sounds {mainly the human voice} into the line opposite.

-Modern day phones can do so much more than just a voice conversation,it can record spoken messages,send and receive texts,take and show images and videos,play music and games and surf the internet.

BY ROBYN AND TRISTAN!!!

Alexander Graham Bell

-Bell`s first message to his assistant was "Mr.Watson,come here!I want to see you!"

-Alexander Graham Bell was born in Scotland on March 3,1847 and he died
on August 2,1922.

-He was a scientist,engineer and innovator as well as an inventor.

-Alexander`s interest in sound was inspired by his mother and wife who were both deaf.

-Alexander patented his idea in 1875.

-The Telephone Exchange meant that more than one phone could be connected along the same line,less than year after the phone was invented.

-In 1889,a public Coin-Pay Telephone was installed at the Hartford Bank in Hartford Connecticut USA.

-In 1963,the first electronic Push-Button telephone was offered by Bell Telephone,the firm set up by Alexander Graham Bell.

BY TRISTAN AND ROBYN!!!

The Clock

By Maidhc
& Oskar

huygens Christiaan

huygens Christiaan

Huygens Christiaan(1629-1695), was a Dutch physicist, astronomer, and mathematician.He invented the clock.
Huygens was born on April 14, 1629, in The Hague, the Netherlands

Salomon Coster, a clockmaker, was given the task of constructing the first pendulum clock from Huygens's design. Huygens was inspired by his friend Galilei's discovery of isochronism as it pertains to the swinging of pendulums. It is widely believed that Galilei first had an idea of a pendulum clock about twenty years before Huygens was able to design a working model.

How It Works
There are five parts that are standard on all pendulum clocks. Every clock needs to have a pendulum and a power source. The power source can be either a mainspring, or a weight on a chain or cord to turn a sprocket device. Pendulum clocks must also have a gear train to help assist the speed of the power source to be used by the pendulum.

Water clock,was an instrument that recorded time by measuring water escaping from a vessel. Egyptians were using water clocks about 1400 B.C. People used it long before modern clocks were invented.
The water clock consisted of a container with a scale of markings on its side. These were so arranged that, as the water ran out, the water left in the jar marked the time.
Atomic clock is the most accurate type of clock. The best atomic clocks would not lose or gain more than a second in tens of millions of years. An atomic clock keeps time by counting the energy changes of atoms

Water Clock

Analogue Clock

Atomic Clock

Camera

A camera is a device for taking photographs and videos. Older cameras were dark boxes that held film. Newer cameras are digital. They use sensors rather than film to record images. Such images can be viewed using a computer.
In both types of camera, light from a scene enters through a glass lens. In film cameras, the light reacts with chemicals on film. The reaction makes an image. In digital cameras, the light strikes tiny electronic sensors. The sensors record the image as a computer

George Eastman was a businessman and inventor. He changed the world of photography by introducing the low-cost, easy-to-operate Kodak camera and the roll of film.

By the early 1900's, the Eastman Kodak Company had become the largest photographic film and camera producer in the world. Eastman died on March 14, 1932.

Light meter is an instrument used to measure the brightness of light. Light meters serve many purposes. People can use them to set an appropriate level of artificial light for growing plants or performing certain tasks safely. Light meters called exposure meters help photographers choose the best camera settings for taking a photograph.

Light meters use a device called a sensor that reacts to changes in the brightness of light. Many light meters use a sensor called a cadmium sulfide photocell attached to a battery. Electric current flows more easily through the photocell as the amount of light striking its surface increases. The light meter measures the current flowing through the photocell to calculate the amount of light falling on the sensor.

Daguerreotype, was the first practical, popular method of photography. It was named for Louis J. M. Daguerre, a French stage designer and painter who perfected the process in 1837.