Unit : Molecular Genetic

Bioremediation ~ Tandin Zam

Significance of Bioremediation using GMO
Process involves biotechnology that employs genetic engineering through the use of living organisms such as microbes and bacteria in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, toxins from soil, water and other environment.
Or
Process that is applied to remove oil, petrochemical residues, pesticides, heavy metals from the soil or water by using living organisms.
Or
Bioremediation is a bioengineered process that uses living organisms such as microbes and bacteria to remove contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments......

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Therapeutics using GMO~ Rinchen Dendup

Introduction
According to Britannica (2021), the term “Therapeutics” is referred as treatment and care of a patient for the purpose of both preventing and combating disease or alleviating pain or injury. The term comes from the Greek therapeutikos, which means, “inclined to serve.” The detail is available on
https://www.britannica.com/science/therapeutics/Hypertension

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DNA fingerprint and Crime ~Lham Dorji

Significance of DNA fingerprint

Forensic science is the use of scientific methods to investigate crimes. Advance in DNA sequencing to map DNA fingerprint is used in the forensic science for criminal investigation such as rape, murder, and robbery cases. It supports judiciary system to uplift criminal justice by accurately identifying someone responsible for crime and also to exonerate the innocent as below in:
DNA profile are useful in forensics as tiny sample of human material left behind at crime scene may be sufficient to identify someone.
Crime scene profile match with individual profile identifies a possible suspect.
Different crime scene profiles match indicates a repeated offender at work.
Police use this DNA evidence to support evidence to prosecute someone for a crime.

Ethics of genetic engineering ~ Sherub Zangmo

What is genetic engineering ?
Gene manipulation, genetic manipulation, and recombinant DNA technology are some of the terms used to describe Genetic engineering. The technique of changing an organism's genetic makeup using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology is known as genetic engineering. To modify genomes indirectly, humans have traditionally regulated breeding and picked offspring with desired features. Genetic engineering is a more advanced variant of traditional biotechnology processes such as breeding. Genetic engineering uses species from all over the world, whereas traditional cross-breeding uses closely related species
What are some of the ethical issues of genetic engineering?
Agricultural impact:

Those Farmers who do not use those genetically engineered seeds are more likely to go out of business due to genetic modification of particular plants .......

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Application od Transgenic Plants and Animals in Energy Production
Following are the few significances of producing biofuels using transgenic plants and animals:

Meets the increasing global energy demand (Yuan et al. in Akashi, and Nanasato,2018).
Utilization of biomass energy is a means for the sustainable supply of energy and for long-term conservation of the global environment (Akashi, and Nanasato,2018).
Alternative fuel sources for depleting fossil fuels.
Transgenic plants and animals avoid competition with food production.
Green energy.
Processes that previously required multiple steps of feedstock pretreatment and subsequent conversion to fuel are being consolidated into single-step microbial processes using metabolically engineered species (Majidian et al.,2017).
Cost of fuel production may be reduced by engineering microorganisms to use cheap substrates (Majidian et al.,2017).

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Application of Genetically modified crops for Agriculture
The term genetically modified (GM) refers to the transfer of genes between organisms using a series of laboratory techniques for cloning genes, splicing DNA segments together, and inserting genes into cells that helps to increased crop yields, reduced costs for food or drug production, reduced need for pesticides, enhanced nutrient composition and food quality, resistance to pests and disease, greater food security, and medical benefits to the world's growing population.
Significance of Genetically modified crops
Sustainable agriculture products (quantity) or greater food security
In the current scenario with rapidly expanding world's population, arable land is diminishing, climate is changing and growing challenge to meet the global demand for food; sustainable agriculture practices and food security are under major threat. The use of geneticall....

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