Population N5

POPULATION National 5 Geography

<a href="https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/papers/2017/N5_Geography_all_2017.pdf">POPULATION 2</a>

Look at Diagram. Explain why there are areas of different population density across the world. Your answer should refer to both physical and human factors. 6

<a href="https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/papers/2014/N5_Geography_all_2014.pdf">POPULATION 7</a>

Study Diagram. Describe, in detail, differences in population trends between Mumbai and Glasgow. 3

6. Natural Resources: Where resources that encourage industry are readily available then this encourages industry and then jobs.&nbsp;People will move to were there is work. Industries like coal mining and ship building supported a massive growing population and located close to the raw materials or deep rivers. 7. Services: Large cities create many jobs in service industries as well as attractive amenities like large concert venues or shopping malls.&nbsp;This encourages people to live nearby. 8. Transport: Areas with good transport links, primarily road, rail and air will attract more people to live there as there will be more jobs e.g. haulage and distribution jobs.&nbsp;

1. Development Indicators

<a href="https://www.twigscotland.com/film/global-inequalities-1615/">https://www.twigscotland.com/film/global-inequalities-1615/</a> 2.50 minutes

4. Describe in detail questions: Population

In the Human and Global issues section of the exam you will get questions which ask you to describe in detail a resource. This maybe a table, graph or map. To answer these question you need to describe what the resource shows, but not to explain why.&nbsp;These are usually for 4 marks To answer the question: 1.Give an overall description 2.Then try to split the resource into 2 or 3 categories / trends / geographical areas, and describe each one using the numbers provided

<a href="https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/papers/2018/N5_Geography_all_2018.pdf">POPULATION 6</a>

Study Diagram. Describe, in detail, the different Gross National Incomes in 2015 worldwide. 4

Explain the differences between the population structures of Kenya and the United States. 6

Choose one country shown on the table. Suggest reasons for its rate of natural increase. 4

Describe, in detail, the changes shown in population structure from 1950 to 2050. 4

Physical Factors: Relief

4. Mountain Regions: Due to the height these areas are very cold and living conditions are harsh (lack of oxygen in the air means everything takes more effort) Steep rocky ground means farming is limited and resources difficult to transport. Steep land means building anything and using machinery is difficult. Often found in earthquake zones. 5. Coastal Areas: Often highly populated as generally more comfortable climate, and easy to trade (by sea) with other areas.&nbsp; Ports / harbours are located here which encourage industry and jobs. Farming is often available inland while fishing provides other food / jobs.

In the context of developed and developing countries: 1. Social and economic indicators 2. Physical and human factors influencing global population distribution 3. Factors affecting birth and death rates 4. Skills question: Describing in detail a resource

Demographic Transition Model

This shows how countries can change over time, or throughout the world in relation to their birth and death rates and how developed they are.

<a href="https://www.twigscotland.com/film/demographic-transition-model-1652/">https://www.twigscotland.com/film/demographic-transition-model-1652/</a> 3.04 minutes

Marking Instructions Some areas may be too steeply sloping for building on (1). In some areas there may be fertile soils (1); which allows people to grow enough food to feed themselves (1). Some areas may be too high for people to live comfortably (1). Temperate climate would make for a suitable place to live (1). Lack of water may prevent people from living in certain areas (1). High humidity could be a problem (1). Other areas may be too cold (1). Areas with many natural resources are usually attractive places for people to live (1).Areas with good transport links usually attract people (1); such areas usually attract industry, thus giving employment opportunities (1). Remote/isolated areas do not usually attract many people (1). Or any other valid point. Both physical and human factors must be mentioned for full marks, otherwise mark out of 4

<a href="https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/papers/2019/N5_Geography_all_2019.pdf">POPULATION 5</a>

Study Diagram Explain the differences in the population structures of Bolivia and the Netherlands. You should refer to both birth rates and death rates in your answer. 6

Marking Instructions For full marks at least two stages must be described. Birth Rates: In stage 1 these are high (over 40/1000) (1), remaining high in stage 2 (1), they fall sharply in stage 3 to around 10 / 1000 (1) levelling out and remaining low in stage 4 with one or two baby booms (1). Death Rates: These were high and fluctuating in stage 1, between 43 – 46 / 1000 (1), falling sharply in stage 2 to around 11 / 1000 (1), remaining low in stage 3 and 4 (1). Total Population: This remained low in stage 1 and into stage 2 (1), halfway through stage 2 the total population starts to increase (1) total population increases dramatically in stage 3 (1) and levels out in stage 4 (1).&nbsp;

Marking Instructions Nigeria: In Nigeria there is little contraception available so birth rates are high (1), high numbers of births to ensure some children survive (1), children needed for an income (1), and to look after parents when they get to an older age (1), as no government pensions (1). Death rates are failing due to Primary Health care (1), foreign aid (1) and availability of medication from developed countries (1). High birth rates and failing death rates means large natural increase (1). UK: Low birth rates and low death rates mean very low natural increase (1).&nbsp;Low birth rates due to better medical care of mothers and babies (1), so most babies survive (1) so lower birth rate (1), low birth rates from use of contraception (1), birth rates low from later marriages (1), children are expensive (1) and women want careers rather than children (1). Low death rates due to medical advances (1), good living conditions (1), National Health Service (1).&nbsp;

Physical Factors: Climate

1. Polar Regions: Few people live here as it is extremely cold, this means it is expensive and difficult to live. Food supplies are limited and much of it needs to be flown in from elsewhere making it very expensive. Building are difficult to construct due to the permafrost, and transport is difficult with seas frozen and poor roads. 2. Hot Deserts: Extreme temperatures (it can get very cold at night and in the winter) mean its difficult place to live. Lack of fresh water means crops cannot be grown and animals may die. Sandstorms can damage buildings. 3. Tropical Rainforests: Very hot and humid which makes working outside very difficult. Air conditioning is expensive and working hours are often changed. Often in remote areas with limited transport which makes importing any goods more expensive.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/papers/2018/N5_Geography_all_2018.pdf">POPULATION 1</a>

Look at Diagram. Choose one social and one economic indicator of development shown in the table. Explain how your two chosen indicators show the level of development in a country. 4

Describe, in detail, the changes shown on the Demographic Transition Model from Stage 1 to Stage 4. 4

4. Life expectancy: Average age people are expected to live The lower the age the less developed the country is. Improved healthcare and diet means the live expectancy is higher in developed countries. 5. Infant mortality: Number of children per 1,000 born who die before the age of one The higher the mortality rate the less developed the country is. Improved post and anti – natal care along with education means fewer babies die.&nbsp;Also means people generally want a smaller family which is prevalent in developed countries. &nbsp; 6. Population change: Number of babies born per 1,000 women per year The higher the number the less developed the country is. In developed counties women get married later and start a family later meaning they have fewer children.&nbsp;Women are more educated and may want to focus on their work and career before starting a family.&nbsp;Children are generally expensive to raise in developing countries. Children are not needed to work on the land, so birth rates are low. Contraception is widely available and family planning clinics allow women to plan for a baby. Sex education in schools helps to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

These show the birth and death rates for a country. As a country develops the shape goes from a pyramid shape to a bullet shape.

Elderly Dependents

Economically Active Population

Young Dependents

Elderly dependants: A peaked top means low life expectancy, a wide top means high life expectancy. Economically Active Population: A tapered side mean a high death rate; a straight side means a low death rate.&nbsp; Young dependants: A wide base means a high birth rate, a narrow base a low birth rate.

2. Population Distribution

Global Population Distribution

<a href="https://www.twigscotland.com/film/population-physical-factors-1589/">https://www.twigscotland.com/film/population-physical-factors-1589/</a> 2.59 minutes

Factors affecting Birth Rates

While people will all want to live longer there is far more choice over the size of your family: 1. Education: Where females are better educated and have more status in the community there is a lower birth rate. 2. Age: Women in developed countries generally get married and start their families later in life, which limits the number of children the have.&nbsp; 3. Expense: This is partly due to the cost of bringing up children in developed countries, if both parents work childcare can be very expensive.

Marking Instructions In 1950 there were about 135 million under the age of 10. By 2050 it will be about 120 million (1). In 1950 there were very few over 80 by 2050 there will be about 100 million (1). Economically active population will go up by 2050 (1). Number of young people will go down by 2050 (1).

Factors affecting Death Rates

1. Post – Natal Care: Midwifes and nurses support new-born babies which increases their chance of survival. 2. Diet: Improved diets such as those which include a variety of nutrients and protein help people to live a longer healthier life e.g. as in Japan, where the life expectancy is 86 years of age. 3. Drinking Water: Access to a regular supply of clean water helps to reduce disease and death rates. 4. Sanitation: Good sanitation has improved people’s health which means that death rates are lower. 5. Health care: Good medical care has improved people's chances of maintaining good health thus reducing death rates. Vaccinations have helped reduce worldwide infant mortality. 6. Pensions: Better pensions and good care for the elderly means that people are given the means by which they can live longer.&nbsp;

3. Factors affecting birth and death rates

World Population Growth The increasing world population is due to the combination of two factors. Birth Rate: The number of births per 1,000 people. Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people. Natural Increase: The difference between the death rate and the birth rate. Where the is a big increase in population it is because there is a much larger birth rate than death rate.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/papers/2016/N5_Geography_all_2016.pdf">POPULATION 4</a>

Global Death Rates 1950–2030 (projected)

Look at Diagram. Give reasons for falling worldwide death rates. 6

<a href="https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/papers/2015/N5_Geography_all_2015.pdf">POPULATION 3</a>

Births in Scotland 1901—2011

Look at Diagram Give reasons why the birth rate has decreased in developed countries such as Scotland. 6

4. Tradition: It used to be the case that people wanted a large family as a sign of status or to help raise money by getting children to work as soon as they could. 5. Pensions: In developed countries we do not rely on our children to help to look after us when we are old, this means we do not need a large family. 6. Family Planning: Contraception and education mean people can plan and control their family size much better, particularly in developed countries.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.twigscotland.com/film/india-curbing-population-growth-1623/">https://www.twigscotland.com/film/india-curbing-population-growth-1623/</a> 3.29 minutes

Marking Instructions There is a higher proportion of the population of Kenya under the age of 15 because birth rates are higher in developing countries (1) where fewer women get the chance of an education (1) and there is less use of contraception (1) and information on birth control is less easily accessed (1).&nbsp; There is a larger number of over 60s in the USA because more people have the chance of medical treatment than in Kenya where there is less money to set up health centres and hospitals (2).&nbsp;The high living standards in the USA mean that there are plenty of opportunities for women to have careers and this reduces birth rates (1).&nbsp; Child mortality rates are higher in Kenya, so people have many children in order to ensure that some survive (1).&nbsp;Many families in Kenya have lots of children so they can contribute to the family income when old enough and look after them in old age (2).&nbsp;

9. Job opportunities: Jobs in different industries in urban areas encourage people to move to find work. Cities such as Rio de Janeiro have a high population density as there are a variety of job opportunities. 10. Government aid: Industries locate where there is Government funding available, as a result, people move into these areas for work.

<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2gbp39/video">https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2gbp39/video</a> 1.23 minutes

Referring to both human and physical factors, explain why some areas of the world are more densely populated than others. 5

1. Health: Number of people per doctor The more people per doctor the less developed a country will be because there isn’t enough money to train and pay for the doctors. 2. Education: Percentage of adults who are literate The lower the number of people who can read and write the less developed the country is. Developing countries can't afford to train and pay for a larger number of teachers and schools and therefore have a less educated workforce. 3. Diet: Number of calories consumed per person per day The lower the calorie intake the less developed a country is. Fewer people can afford to eat enough food, this can make people weak and affect children's growth.

1. Wealth: Gross national Income per person in US dollars ($GNI per person) The more money a country earns per person the better off they are and the more developed they will be.&nbsp;They will be able to afford an improved diet and healthcare and can pay for services like education. 2.Employment: Percent of population employed in Agriculture The higher the percentage of people working in agriculture the less developed a country will be because of the lack of mechanisation. People living in Developing Countries also often rely growing food to feed themselves. Fewer people working in manufacturing (secondary) and service (tertiary) sector which often pays more money. 3. Energy Use: Energy used per person As people (and countries) get wealthier they tend to have more electronic devices which requires more power.&nbsp;Homes are better heated with hot running water.&nbsp;Many developed countries are now trying to reduce the amount of energy they use due to climate change, so this is not as good an indicator now.&nbsp;

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